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be disseminated throughout Europe. The first feverish anxiety created by the invention was then succeeded by moments of cooler reflection, and it became a serious question how the increasing wants of a large class of the community were to be supplied. Numerous were the attempts made to accomplish this most desirable object. The cost of type was, however, necessarily great, and wages at exceptional rates were required by the comparatively few hands who had mastered the difficulties of the newly discovered art. In like manner the scarcity of formschneiders or engravers on wood was also very great; added to which, they were nearly all grossly ignorant of the first principles of their trade. Hence the illustrated books produced at the time, for the greater part, indicate a very low order both of execution as well as of talent. No better instance of my meaning can be found than by referring my readers to the History of the Holy Cross, published by Veldener in 1483, which will satisfy them as to the manner in which the formschneider

then did his work.

It was at this period, when every effort was being made to produce cheap printing and illustration, that the "Block Book" was first thought of; and circa 1485, the so-called Biblia Pauperum was produced. It is but proper I should here declare that I make this statement with a perfect knowledge of the attribution of the Biblia to Coster 1410-20, Melchior Wohlgemuth 1450-60, Albert Pfister, of Bamberg, 1461, Frederick Walter 1470, and Hans Sporer 1475, and that I will, on a future occasion, deal with each in its turn.

It was to accomplish the much desired object of obtaining a cheap and ready process whereby illustrated and other works could be produced to any extent that might be desired, that the "Block Book" was invented; and, as I will hereafter contend, and I hope satisfactorily prove, we owe its production to the youthful Albrecht Dürer, whilst his father's apprentice, he being, as I will conclusively show, the most accomplished formschneider then in existence. Impressed with the importance of attaining the great desideratum I have mentioned, he devoted his attention to the subject. To avoid the expense of using metal type was his first object, and he accomplished it by engraving on wood both text and illustration, and thereby justly entitled himself to the honour of being the first and true inventor of stereotyping, the credit of which he has hitherto been unfairly deprived of. By means of such a stereotyped plate or block of wood, cheap printing and illustration were first obtained, and all the advantages explained by Ottley and Noel Humphreys effectually secured; and in this result the truth is once more discovered, and the meaning and object of the "Block Books" at length ascertained and made clear to our understanding in

such a manner as to thoroughly dissipate that silly and needless mystery which has hitherto been permitted to envelop the subject, and hidden the use and benefit of the "Block Books" from our comprehension. In this necessarily hurried and incomplete explanation, I claim to have fulfilled my promise, and to have replaced those systems I have dared to call "existing fallacies," with a theory which I submit possesses all the advantages I have already claimed for it.

In the course of my further communications, I will endeavour to explain the circumstances under which I believe the "Block Books" were published in Holland and Germany without artist's or printer's name, place or date: the facts which led to the purely ideal "editions" of the "Block Books": the cause of the different coloured inks used in the various copies of the Biblia, &c.: the reasons for rejecting the dated editions of the Biblia prior to 1485, and the dated engravings prior to 1440 and lastly, the grounds upon which I claim the production of the Biblia, the Speculum, and the Canticum, as the works of Albrecht Dürer. HENRY F. HOLT.

6, King's Road, Clapham Park.

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utmost neatness.

died at Senafé to know, that no greater respect It will be gratifying to the friends of those who could have been paid to the memory of the dead than the selection of the picturesque and quiet spot in which they have been laid.

The description of the graves is as follows:

1. A stone tomb, having on the surface a white cross, formed of small stones cemented together. A square headstone bears the following incised inscription:

"In memory of A. R. Dunn, V. C., colonel 33rd Regiment, who died at Senafé on the 25th January, 1868; aged thirty-four years and seven months.”

2. A tomb similar to the former, having a cir

cular headstone, with the incised inscription:45th Regiment, who died at Senafé 16th March, 1868; "Sacred to the memory of Lieut. H. N. Bayly, H. M.'s age about twenty-three years."

3. A wooden cross:

"Sacred to the memory of Quarter-master E. Vyse, 33rd Regiment, who died at Senafé on the 22nd May, 1868; aged fifty-two years."

4. A wooden cross:

unknown to him. In fine, as far as my know

"To the memory of Private J. Williams, 33rd Regi- ledge goes, those who resemble the great queen ment, who died at Senafé 19th January, 1868."

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It has often surprised me that historians, when treating of the loves and flirtations of Queen Elizabeth, should not have given some attention to the fact that her aversion to matrimony may have been the consequence of a physical malformation, by no means uncommon, which rendered her incapable of bearing children. Ben Jonson, in his Conversations with Drummond, told him what it was, and he of course gave what was the popular and probably correct tradition; Mary Queen of Scots also speaks of it in the malicious letter she wrote to Elizabeth. (ap. Murdin, p. 558). In 1559 De Feria, the envoy of Philip II., wrote to him:

"If my intelligencers (espias) do not deceive me, which I do not think is the case, I understand that she will never bear children."-(Froude, vii. 84.)

Now De Feria was married to an English lady, and one who I believe was about the Court. In 1561 Bishop De Quadra wrote to Philip:

"It is thought, too, that she can never have a child. Some say that she is a mother already, but this I do not believe. (Id. 309.)

In 1566 Leicester said to the French ambassador

"I really believe that the Queen will never marry. I have known her since she was eight years of age, better than any man in the world. From that time she has always invariably declared that she would remain unmarried." (Raumer, Eliz. and Mary, p. 40.)

We are also to recollect that Leicester's sister was the intimate friend, companion, and bedfellow of Elizabeth, so that the truth could hardly be

in this particular are, like her, arrant coquettes, and often rather wanting in true delicacy.

On the other hand, Bishop De Quadra wrote to Philip II. telling him that, one evening when he was alone with Elizabeth and Leicester in a barge on the Thames, they proposed to him to marry them there out of hand, but that he refused. Now this story is not very probable, and Mr. Froude, who informs us of it, owns that the bishop was a liar of the first magnitude; but he says that he would not venture to lie to his master. But why not? In this case how could Philip ever find him out? The story, however, may be true enough, and the queen and Leicester may have been only in jest-taking a rise, as they say in Ireland, out of the crafty prelate. A much stronger argument is this: Secretary Cecil, when weighing the pros and cons of the match with Anjou, puts the case that she might probably have children, though she was then in her forty-ninth year. But perhaps he did not know much of these matters. The ladies of her bedchamber, who fell on their knees and with sighs and tears implored her not to think of the match, were probably better informed.

Dr. Lingard, whose history of this reign, as I have elsewhere expressed it, "might perhaps be assigned to the region of historical romance," makes of Elizabeth a Čatharine II. or an Isabella II. He gives a long list of her paramours, beginning with Leicester and ending with Simier and Anjou. He adds that she was "callous to every sense of shame," and that "her licentious habits survived even when the fires of wantonness had been quenched by the chill of age." It will not surprise me if the Saturday Review, which seems to be running a-muck against the Reformation, should take the same side, for I find it now championing the veracious Sanders, the sworn foe of Elizabeth. On the whole, my own opinion is that Ben Jonson stated the plain and simple truth.

THOS. KEIGHTLEY.

VALUE OF A GENERAL IN BATTLE. - Napoleon, who knew something about such matters, was quite of the French grenadier's opinion when he said: "J'aime mieux une armée de cerfs commandée par un lion, qu'une armée de lions commandée par un cerf." P. A. L.

TYPHOON.-In Webster, Barclay, and all the dictionaries into which I have looked, this word is given as derived from the Greek Tupov. It is, as Webster says, the name by which a tornado or hurricane is known in the Chinese seas, and has nothing to do with the Greek, being composed of two Chinese words, tai, great, and foong, wind.

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"A Morninge Meditation vpon the Clocke.

1. Prima sonat? primo fratres habitemus in vnū.
2. Hora secunda sonans, duo suggerit, Ite, venite.
3. Tertia? continuo celebretur trina potestas.
4. Quarta est? bis duo sunt Lux evangelia nobis.
5. Quinta est; quinq. deû venerem sensibus vnū.
6. Sexta; dies sex vrget opus totidequ: Labora.
7. Septima sola deo sit septima sacra dierum.
8. Octo: pios octava canit, quos arca reclusit.

9. Fert nona (Christe) novem quos pmittendo beästi. 10. Decima verba docet decem moderamina vitæ. 11. Impare gaudentē resonas vndecima Judam. 12. Sortege completos bis sex duodecima fratres." [Translation.]

"When watch strikes one then thinke yt in one band
Of Love as bretheren we are bound to live:
And when two sounds, it maks me tremblinge stand,
Come blest, goe curst, ye doom wch god shall give:
At three I meditate on holy mistrey,

Of three in one secret sacred Trinity:

At fourth wach I foure gospellers record,

Whose gladsome tideinges mankind did revive:

And I at five will to my God afford

My hart, my soule, and all my senses five.

The sixt houre [me] comands my six days well to spend,

And on the seventh to God my service lend.

Eight calls to mynde eight psons p[r]eserved in tharke:
Nine, those nine blessings pmised by God.

Ten, Gods ten Lawes, my lifes guide, light & marke:
Eleven tells how faulse Judas made all odd.
And twelve, how whilst theleven did od remayne,
By lott Mathias made them twelue againe."

W. CAREW HAZLITT.

THOMAS BAKER OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. May I be allowed to add to MR. HAZLITT's list of "scattered books," formerly part of Baker's library, the following in my possession?

"The Bathes of Bathes Ayde: Wonderful and most

excellent against very many Sicknesses, &c. Compendiously compiled by John Jones, Phisition. Anno Salvtis 1572."

At the foot of the title-page is the autograph "Tho: Baker Coll: Jo: Socius ejectus." In the same handwriting on the side margin is the following:

-

"Aug: 10:1564: Conceditur Jo: Jones, ut Studium octo annorum in Medicina sufficiat ei ad practicandum in eadem Facultate. Rego: Acad: Cant : ["

The book has been bound since it was in Baker's possession, as on the fly-leaf there is gummed a list of Dr. Jones's works in Baker's handwriting, the paper being of the same kind as that on which the title-page of the book is printed. The writing was recognised as Baker's by the present Professor of Botany at Cambridge, who was well

acquainted with Baker's handwriting in his books in the library of St. John's College. R. WILBRAHAM FALCONER, M.D.

Bath.

CONFUSION OF NAMES. Why does Burke, in his Extinct Peerage, and, if I mistake not, also Dugdale in his Baronage, almost invariably confuse Rohesia, Roesia, or Roisia with Rose, and Annis or Anneyse with Anne? I never find this confusion in the Rolls, where Rohesia is always distinct from either Rosa or Rosia, the latter being a Jewish name; and Annis is plainly derived, not from Anne, but Agnes, for I find a woman described as Anneyse in the French portion of an entry, afterwards called Agnes in the Latin confirmation. ("Nostre treschère damoyselle Anneyse. dictæ Agnetis. . .")

Why does Dugdale (and Burke after him) invariably misspell Alina as Aliva? It is derived from Avelina or Evelyn, the same person being constantly styled on the Rolls in one place Avelina, and in another Alina.

Lastly, why do all modern writers systematically confuse the names Alicia and Alesia? I have found but one instance in which the same person is called by both names in the Rolls, and in this case it appears a mere slip of the scribe's pen, like that by which he twice styles the Queen of Navarre Eleanor instead of Blanche. I have met with one modern instance in which Alesia is translated by another name than Alice: this is Bohn's Matthew Paris, in which the translator renders it Eliza. It is evidently French in origin, and may be the Latinised form of Elise. why translate these old names at all? The correct rendering is often doubtful, and the name in most cases is not only more correct but prettier as it stands. HERMENTRUDe.

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POPE AND MOLIÈRE. -In his "Imitation of Dean Swift," The Happy Life of a Country Parson, Pope reckoned among its preferabilities to an episcopal benediction the possession of "a Chrysostom to smooth his band in ". of the golden-mouthed saint's lucubrations. (Were -a folio, no doubt, I a parson, town or country, I should prefer a golden-handed bishop's briefest announcement of a benefice to his benediction.)

honest MiróBIBAos, Monsieur Chrysale? But, had Pope ever stumbled on Molière's

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the scraping of the paint and removal of the flat plaster ceiling. There is in the Journal of the Archæological Association for 1850 a drawing of the original wooden church that preceded the cathedral at Manchester, greatly resembling what now is extant at Ribbesford. This singular building was lately re-opened by Dr. Atlay, Bishop of Hereford.

There was a church of wood at Newland, now removed to make room for the Beauchamp Almshouses, and another still remains at Besford, co. Worcester. One is, I believe, at Greenstead in Essex, and probably others yet may be found in districts where timber was plentiful and freestone

scarce.

THOMAS E. WINNINGTON.

FIRST BOOK PRINTED IN GREEN.-I have a

copy of The Honour and Advantage of Agriculture (pp. 72, 8vo.) It is a translation from the Spanish of Feijos by a farmer in Cheshire; and it was "printed for William Williamson, Bookseller and Wholesale Stationer, at Mecenas's Head in Bridestreet [Dublin]. MDCCLXIV." In the last page there are the following words:

-

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Авива.

ALLEGORIES AND PARABLES. I should feel obliged if some of the readers of "N. & Q." would help me to form a list of the principal allegories, parables, and similitudes in the English language. I do not imagine we are rich in this kind of literature, but I cannot help thinking that the little we possess deserves more attention than is generally bestowed upon it. I know the following:Adams, "Allegories; " Addison, “Vision of Mirza; ""Black Ship," Nelson and Son; Bunyan, "Holy War," "Pilgrim's Progress," &c.; C. E. H., "Follow Me: a Morality from the German; " Gatty, "Parables from Nature;" Krummacher, "Parables, translated from the German;" Monro, "Allegories; " Wilberforce, Agathos." To these may be added a few similitudes from the later Jewish books in the introduction to Archbishop Trench's Notes on the Parables.

66

H. BOWER. MARY BATEMAN.- "When Mary Bateman, celebrated as the Yorkshire witch,' committed an

extraordinary series of delusions and poisonings at Leeds and the neighbourhood in 1807 and 1808, and was executed at York in the spring of 1809, Mr. Baines published a full account of that mystery of iniquity, in a pamphlet of which at least ten thousand copies were sold" (Life of Ed. Baines, 1851, p. 69). Can anybody give me an account of one only? RALPH THOMAS.

THOMAS CAREW.-I wish to present myself purely as a person seeking information in this case, and as not attempting to afford it. I have

before me an edition of the Poems of Thomas

Carew, printed at Edinburgh in 1824, without any editor's name; it is supposed to have been superintended by Mr. Thomas Maitland, otherwise known as Lord Dundrennan. A Notice is prefixed, and of this one of the early sentences reads as follows: "The year 1589 has been assigned as the period of his birth, but upon no very satisfactory authority." I wish to know, if possible, whether there is any other ground for such an hypothesis respecting Carew's death than Lord Clarendon's statement, that "after fifty years of his life spent with less severity or exactness than it ought to have been, he died with the "He died in the year greatest remorse, &c." 1639," Mr. Maitland says, and fifty years reckoned back from 1639 bring us to 1589; but surely Carew's irregularity of life did not date from the what evidence is there in support of the date hour of his birth? Again, I would inquire, 1639 ? Why is the edition of Carew's Poems, 1640, always described as posthumous? There is nothing in the book itself to make it appear that the poet was then deceased. Nor do even the editions of 1642 and 1651 (as far as that testimony goes) warrant the inference. My questions briefly are: Did Carew die in 1639? If so, where is the proof, absolute or approximate? When was he born? The date 1589 is clearly conjectural.

very

I am desirous of seeing as many early MSS. containing poems by this writer as possible, besides those in our public libraries. I have had the use of two which furnished me with better texts of nine poems, and with two which I do not meet with in print. One of these MSS. was lately in the possession of Mr. F. S. Ellis of King Street, Covent Garden, who, with his usual liberality, allowed me to transcribe from it what W. CAREW HAZLITT. suited my purpose.

AN EMINENT CARTHUSIAN.-In the Carthusian (1838), p. 259, is a translation of Shirley's ode, "The Glories of our Birth and State," into Latin verse, "by one to whom Charterhouse looks for great things." Can your readers tell me who this child of promise is or was?

I should also be glad to know, for a literary purpose, whether any Latin verses by the late

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"COMMATICE" (2nd S. iii. 188.)- What is the meaning of this word, for the place of which in Jerome's writings ABHBA has inquired in vain? W. T. M. CROSS-LEGGED EFFIGIES AND THE CRUSADES (3rd S. viii. 312.)-It was incidentally remarked in these columns some time ago that cross-legged effigies, which have hitherto been supposed to indicate that the person who sleeps below had been in the Holy Land, are now known to signify merely that he had held the office of sheriff or something analogous. It surprised me that no one took exception to this novel dictum, for confirmation of which I have sought in vain. As such authorities as Gough, Riddell, and others of later date are explicit on the point, that such an effigy did always mark the tomb of one who had made a vow to take the cross, and had actually gone to Palestine, or provided a substitute, it would be agreeable to learn when and by whom the unromantic discovery was made that these supposed holy warriors have been so long slumbering under false colours! ANGLO-SCOTus.

LADY ANNE HAMILTON AND MR. FITZSTRATHERN (OR FITZCLARENCE.)—I have before me thirty-two pages of what has formed, or been intended to form, a part of a larger work. These two sheets are headed Letters to and from the Right Honorable Lady Anne Hamilton and W. H. Fitzstrathern (or Fitzclarence); and this heading is followed by an introductory paragraph, which I copy litera

tim et verbatim:

"Necessity obliges the insertion of these documents, as they form one link in the chain of events referred to in other statements herein submitted." "The letter of her Ladyship to her brother the Duke of Hamilton (which will be found at the conclusion of this correspondence) will be ample testimony that dissatisfaction had ensued, and approbrious language was used unceremoniously."

The letter to the duke does not appear in the printed fragment to which I have referred, which indeed does not contain any letter of Lady Anne's. Was this correspondence ever published? If so, when and where, and under what title?

Who was Mr. Fitzstrathern or Fitzclarence ? The letters tell a little, but I should like to know H. F.

more.

HERTFORDSHIRE WILLS. I should be much obliged to any correspondent who would tell me in what court, other than the Prerogative Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury, a will made at

Bengeo in Hertfordshire, at the end of the seventeenth century, would have been proved. G. W. M. "HOLED-STONE" AND WAYSIDE CROSS NEAR BOLLEIT, CORNWALL. The "holed-stone" to which I refer is placed just within a gap in the hedge on the right-hand side of the road from Bolleit to Boskenna, and exactly opposite to the circle of stones known as the Dawns Mên, or the Merry Maidens, on the estate of Rosemoddress, A few paces nearer Bolleit, but on the other side of the road, stands an ancient cross of the usual Cornish round-headed type, and judging from the rudeness of the carving, it is probably one of the oldest in the county.

The following measurements of the "holedstone," taken recently (Sept. 1868), may interest readers of "N. & Q.":-Diameter of hole, 5 in.; distance of hole from top of stone, 1 ft. 1 in.; distance of hole from the sides of stone, 1 ft. 3 in. and 9 in.; breadth of stone measured across centre of hole, 2 ft. 6 in.; thickness of stone measured through hole, 7 in.; thickness of stone at base, about 10 in., tapering to about 5 in. at top; length of stone above surface of ground, 6 ft. 4 in.; vertical height of stone as it now stands, 5 ft. 6 in.

The "holed-stone" inclines somewhat towards St. Buryan Church, i.e. in a W.N.W. direction.

I also subjoin a few measurements of the wayside cross-Diameter of round head, 2 ft. in.; height (total), 4 ft. 4 in.; dimensions of shaft at base, 1 ft. 3 in. by 10 in.

On the side facing the road a Maltese cross has been cut, but so rudely as not to be in the centre of the round head; on the opposite side is a representation of the crucifixion similar to that in many other Cornish wayside crosses.

I shall be glad if any of your correspondents will inform me if other "holed-stones "exist in the neighbourhood of Bolleit, together with some particulars concerning their dimensions and size of orifice. Notices of other "holed-stones" in the county of Cornwall would also be very acceptable to E. H. W. D.

INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION, 1857.I placed the above, upwards of four years ago (see 3rd S. v. 450), upon the list of books wanted to purchase, but have never had any copy offered. Can any correspondent inform me if the papers were printed? The results of the examination are referred to in the Fourth Report, pp. 322-3, by which it appears that there were sixty candidates and twelve vacancies. I should esteem the loan of the papers a very great favour, and pledge my honour, as a contributor to "N. & Q." almost ab initio, for their return. I particularly wish to see the questions on "Greek and Roman Literature," and append my address in case any gentle

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