44. What is meant by reading a bill by its title? Illustrate.

45. Define an enrolled, and an engrossed bill.

46. Are members compelled to vote on the call of the ayes and nays?

47. What is the rule in regard to this in congress?

48. What would be the effect of striking out the comma in first line Sec. 20, Art. IV.

49. Do you regard the conditions of contracts as given in Sec. 22, Art. IV, as unnecessarily severe? Why?

99 66

50. Define "real estate," " 'sale," conveyance."

51. About how many acres in every township are occupied by roads?

52. What is a recorded town plat?

53. To whom do the roads of a town belong?

54. What establishes the disuse of a road?

55. To whom does the land of a disused road belong?

56. What is the legal width of a road?

57. Under what circumstances may men raise crops at the roadside?

58. Must road fences be kept up; line fences?

59. Can a house be moved to lay out a new road?

60. Can a new road pass through a graveyard? an orchard?

61. What is a State road; a plank road; are there any now?

62. What is the "Chicago" road?

63. Did the United States ever build a road, a railroad, a telegraph line, or a telephone line?

64. Find out what you can about "Roman roads."

65. It is sometimes stated that the University was founded on a lottery. Explain.

66. What states, if any, legalize lotteries?

67. Does the United States allow lottery tickets to be sent through the mails?

68. Under what circumstances may a contested election arise?

69. Is the member elected granted compensation for the time during which the contest was pending?

70. Name five classes of persons ineligible to the Legislature?

71. What is meant by "auditing" a private claim or account?

72. If a county treasurer should have money stolen from him, can the Legislature authorize a tax to reimburse him? Why?

73. If a person in Michigan have a claim against the State, in what way may it be settled?

74. Can a citizen of Michigan sue Michigan? Can a citizen of Indiana? If so, where will the case be tried?

75. Is there such a thing as an 66 unorganized township?"

76. Which existed first, townships or counties?

77. Is the division of a State into townships a State or United States matter?

78. What is a corporation, an incorporated village?

79. Why should villages, etc., have special legislative power?

*80. What division of the State did De Tocqueville say was characteristic of the United States?

81. What is meant by "worshiping God ?"

82. Is church property taxed? Why?

83. What are civil and political privileges?

84. Is voting a right or a privilege?

85. May an atheist be a witness in a Michigan court?

* Division into townships, Vol. 1, p. 74,

86. What is the common law on this point?

87. What is meant by liberty of the press and liberty of speech?

8. Define "* slander," "libel," and state what changes, if any, have been made in the laws establishing guilt?

89. Define bill of attainder," and give its history.

90. Define ex post facto law," and illustrate.

91. What is meant by impairing the "obligations of contracts ?" Illustrate.

92. Under what circumstances may a contract be impaired by law?

98. Who can and who cannot pass bankrupt laws?

94.

Show difference between an insolvent and a bankrupt law?

95. Has Michigan an insolvent law?

96. What are the three natural rights of a common law?

97. Define "habeas corpus" and outline the process necessary to obtain the writ.

98. If a bill is to be gotten rid of, how is the motion often made?

99. What is the significance of the term "lieutenant ?"

100. Define the word "vested."

101. What is the difference between "chosen" and "elected ?"

102. What is a citizen" of Michigan; a "citizen" of the United States; a "citizen" of Detroit?

103. Has Michigan ever had a Governor not a native-born citizen?

104.

Define a paper," "an instrument," "a writ.

105. Give some idea as to how a writ of election reads.

106. Are treason against the United States and treason against the State the same?

(Continued on page 93.)

CHAPTER II.

DUTIES OF STATE OFFICERS-BOARDS.

Governor and Lieutenant Governor.-The duties of these officers are so well defined in the Constitution, ART. V., that further explanation is not necessary here.

Secretary of State. This officer is the custodian of the great seal of the State, and of the laws and records of the State. He countersigns all commissions and proclamations of the Governor. He publishes the laws, Legislative Manual, and annual reports relating to agriculture and vital statistics. He super

vises taking, compiling, and publishing the State census* every tenth year. He issues patents for State lands, gives notice to sheriffs of State elections and submission of amendments, and also receives returns of State and National elections.

The State Treasurer.-The Treasurer is custodian of the State funds. He pays out money only in a manner fixed by law. He is the State Sealer of Weights and Measures. He is required to give bonds in the sum of $150,000, with three or more sureties approved by the Auditor General and Attorney General. He is required to make an annual report to the Governor.

The Auditor General.-This officer keeps the account between the State and State Treasurer. No moneys can be paid out of the treasury except upon his warrant, and he countersigns all receipts of the State Treasurer. He apportions the State tax among the counties, and settles accounts with the county treasurers for money due the State. A large share of the

*The census gives the number of inhabitants, their sex, color, nativity, etc. It gives amount and value of all agricultural, mineral, and manufactured products, and much other valuable information.

duties of the office is connected with levying and collecting taxes. The Auditor General examines all claims against the State, and orders the payment of those that are just.

Commissioner of the State Land Office.-This officer has general charge of all lands belonging to the State; prosecutes trespasses on State lands, issues licenses to homestead settlers, and, in short, attends to the sale, leasing, or general disposition of all State lands.

The Superintendent of Public Instruction-This officer has general supervision of the public schools and of State educational institutions; collects and tabulates the school statistics of the State; apportions the primary school interest fund to the counties; gives information to school officers upon construction of school law; prepares and furnishes blanks for use of school officers; organizes and visits teachers' institutes, and appoints instructors for them; receives reports from superintendents of schools, county school commissioners, and from all State and chartered educational institutions; makes annual reports to the Governor, and compiles and publishes the school laws; visits all State educational institutions and meets with the governing boards of such at least once in each year; delivers lectures on educational subjects; appoints visitors to the State University and all chartered educational institutions, and prepares all questions used in the examination of teachers throughout the State.

The Attorney General.-The duties of this officer are: (1) To prosecute and defend all actions in the Supreme Court in which the State shall be interested, and when requested by the Gov

ernor or any State officer, or the Legislature, he is required to appear for the people in any court or tribunal in any matter, civil or criminal, in which the State or any department of the government may be interested. (2) He is required to give opinions on questions submitted to him by the Legislature, the Governor, or any State officer. (3) He is bound to consult with and advise prosecuting attorneys, when requested, in all matters pertaining to the duties of the offices.

EX-OFFICIO STATE BOARDS.

The following are some of the more important State boards: Board of Auditors.-Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Commissioner of the Land Office. Regular meeting on the last Wednesday of each month.

Board of Equalization.—Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Land Commissioner, Auditor General, Treasurer. Regular meeting on the third Monday of August, 1851, and every fifth year thereafter.

Board of Canvassers.-Secretary of State, Treasurer, Land Commissioner. Meeting to canvass votes for other than Presidential electors* on or before December 15, after a general election and within forty days after a special election; to canvass votes for electors, on Wednesday next after third Monday of November; to canvass votes on constitutional amendment or banking law, on or before twentieth of month next after election.

Board of Geological Survey.-Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, President of State Board of Education.

*Each congressional district in Michigan by act of the Legislature of 1891, chooses one Presidential elector. The two at large are chosen by districts. The 1st, 2d, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 10th congressional districts comprising the eastern district, the remaining ones the western,