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after which the illuminating power of the gas (free from carbonic acid) was 15.74 candles, corrected to 5 cubic feet per hour and for temperature and pressure.

In testing the illuminating power of the gas a 'D' Argand burner was used, having fifteen holes and a 7" x 13" chimney.

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Messrs. Mansfield have made some experiments with refuse of olives, the crushed pulp left after olive oil is all pressed out. The yield equalled (15 candle power gas) 9,000 cubic feet per ton. These results are exceedingly good.

Messrs. Mansfield commenced making oil gas apparatus as far back as 1873. It is undoubtedly the longest lived and known oil gas apparatus system, and is in use nearly all over the world.

CHAPTER XXXV

THE THWAITE MOTOR GAS PLANT

THE gas-making plant associated with the name of Mr. Dowson is useful only where fixed carbon fuels, such as anthracite and best coke, are used; this, however, precludes the utilisation of soft bituminous coal, and other cheap fuels. But Mr. Thwaite has designed a three cycle plant for this purpose. Fig. 196 shows a general arrangement of a plant erected under this system; fig. 197 elevation of (A) non-reversal cycle; fig. 198 sectional elevation; and fig. 199 sectional elevation of (B) non-reversal cycle.

The Thwaite non-reversal cycle is effected in the two forms of plant marked by the figures 197, 198, and 199.

It will be seen that, as in the Thwaite Duplex Cycle, there are two vessels, connected at their upper part by means of a

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tion of the action of gasification is in the left-hand one, of an refractory lining. Both vessels act as generators, but the direc

FIG. 196.-GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THWAITE MOTOR GAS PLANT

ascensional character, whereas in the right-hand vessel the direction of action is descensional. An air blast is introduced under the grate of the left-hand vessel, through the hydraulic bath of which it has to permeate. In its flow it takes over a certain proportion of moisture; this is evaporated in contact with the incandescent fuel, and is eventually converted into hydrogen.

FIG. 197.-ELEVATION OF THWAITE'S (A) NON-REVERSAL CYCLE GAS PLANT

The air blast passes through the hanging fire-bars, suspended from a hanging cone B, carried by the brackets C that are bolted to the castings D.

A secondary air supply is supplied to the fuel through the circular flue, from which it enters the fuel in well-distributed jets. A third air supply, if necessary, is supplied to the refractory lined main connecting the two vessels.

The moistened air blast entering the base of the left-hand

vessel, in passing through the fuel, becomes converted, in conjunction with the fuel, into carbon-monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

The secondary air blast partly consumes this gaseous fuel, and along with it the gases evolved from the hydrocarbons of the newly introduced coals. If necessary the flame action is

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FIG. 198.- SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF THWAITE'S (A) NON-REVERSAL CYCLE GAS PLANT

intensified by the tertiary supply of air. The flame, in descending through the mass of fuel in the second vessel, raises the coal therein to a state of incandescence, and in passing descensionally through this heated carbonaceous column of fuel, the products of combustion of the gases generated in the first vessel are reconverted into carbon monoxide and free hydrogen. The

hydrocarbons of the fuel fed into both vessels are either oxidised or burnt by the supply of air, but the products of combustion are reconverted into C, O, and H, or if they descend through the incandescent column of fuel, they are split up by thermolytic action, the hydrogen being set free and the solid carbon remaining to be converted into carbon-monoxide. The gases

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FIG. 199. — SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF THWAITE'S (B) NON-REVERSAL CYCLE GAS PLANT

escape by the flues. The clinker and ash gravitates to the water base, from which they can be drawn away at any time. By this (A) non-reversal cycle any kinds of rich bituminous coal can be used for gas engine purposes. By the combined action of oxidation and thermolysis, the hydrocarbons are converted into fixed and non-condensible gases. Although this cycle is

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