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N his speech of January 8, 1918, the President made the following specific demands in reference to the subject races of the German alliance:

VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of AlsaceLorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.

IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.

X.-The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.

XI.-Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan States to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan States should be entered into.

XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.

XIII. An independent Polish State should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.

In the President's address to Congress of February 11th, last he seems to take away something of the force of his former specific demands by the following paragraph:

The United States has no desire to interfere in European affairs or to act as arbiter in European territorial disputes. She would disdain to take advantage of any internal weakness or disorder to impose her own will upon another people. She is quite ready to be shown that the settlements she has suggested are not the best or the most enduring. They are only her own provisional sketch of principles, and of the way in which they should be applied.

But he returns again to the fundamental principle of government by the consent of the governed, which would normally mean the emancipation of the French of Alsace-Lorraine, the Poles, the Bohemians (Czechs), Rumanians, and Southern Slavs, from the Hohenzollern and Hapsburg yoke, and the Armenians and Kurds and Arabs from the Turk.

Third-Every territorial settlement involved in this war must be made in the interest and for the benefit of the populations concerned, and not as a part of any mere adjustment or compromise of claims among rival States; and,

Fourth-That all well defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction that can be accorded them without introducing new or perpetuating old elements of discord and antagonism that would be likely in time to break the peace of Europe, and consequently of the world.

The attention of the United States has been directed chiefly on the evils of the German dream of world conquest. It is the principal menace because it is the most vigorous and allembracing. But the Government of the Hapsburgs in many respects has been far more tyrannical than that of the Hohenzollerns, and one of the chief intentions of the present Turkish Government is to deport or murder a third of its population-the nonMoslem third.

Austria and Turkey may be weaker than Germany, but they are no less wicked. Any compromise that would put subject races again under the arbitrary rule of Hapsburg or Turk would be a confession that the high aims of the war are abandoned.

There were nearly 50 million people in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey who were subject races before the Great War broke out. It was the plan of the Prussian junkers who controlled Prussia which controlled Germany to make Germany control its allies and the whole alliance control the world. The control of the subject races shown above, with the destruction of Serbia as a nation, is the key to the whole plan. With the 50 millions once delivered into freedom, the world is freed with them from the German menace. [See article on previous page.]

N 1915 the textile mills of the United States were about to close down for lack of dyes. There were more than 900 artificial dyestuffs in general use and the market was bare. The situation was serious. Agents of German houses could not import without returning cotton or copper or something needed by Germany for purposes or war, and that was not allowed. The situation was very like that of a farmer's wife who wants to bake a pie. She needs flour and lard and salt and eggs and, let us say, apples. Across the road is a field of wheat, back of the house is an apple orchard, there are pigs in the pen and chickens on the roost, but she has neither flour nor lard nor eggs nor apples. The United States, like the rest of the world, used to buy its colors ready-made, and it got them mostly from Germany. The native American coal-tar dyestuff industry was represented by the Schoellkopf Works in Buffalo, Heller & Merz in Newark, the W. Beckers Works in Brooklyn, and four smaller establishments, one of which was owned in Germany. The first three, despite the German names, were thoroughly American concerns, struggling along as best they could against hot competition from Germany-yet having to buy most of their materials from that country. Everything to make them of to make the things that correspond to flour and eggs and lard and apples, if we are thinking of pie instead of dyestuff-was here in abundance. The Hudson River Works was purchased a number of years ago by the Bayer Co., of Elberfeld, and so far as I am aware it is still owned in Germany. It had nearly ceased to make colors and was making drugs, as a more profitable enterprise.

In regard to intermediates, which are the coal-tar materials out of which dyes are made, the condition was interesting. The iron and steel industry had attained great propor

tions, but right here we meet the text of many sermons preached by scientific men before the war. American business men-not as individuals but as a great class-were not sufficiently hospitable to applied science. There was plenty of boasting but still more neglect. We find an example in the making of coke for blast furnaces. It was made mostly in bee-hive coke ovens in which all the gas, ammonia, and tar are destroyed. Only a small percentage was made in by-product coke ovens in which these are saved. It was very wasteful to destroy all these valuable products to make coke, but we have always been lavish in this country and are less distressed by the consciousness of waste than other peoples.

These

In 1909 three interested companies started the coal-tar intermediate industry. were the Solvay interests of Syracuse, which make soda and, through an allied corporation, build and operate by-product coke ovens; the Barrett Co., which buys tar, refines it, makes roofing and other tar products-the so-called crudes-and the General Chemical Co., which is a large producer of acids, which are needed at every step. They knew that by-product ovens were sure to replace the bee-hive type in time, because of the saving of gas and the increasing value of gas fuel, and they organized the Benzol Products Co., secured competent management and began to make aniline oil at Frankford, Pa., making about 200,000 lbs. per month. This is merely one of a great many coal-tar intermediates, but it is largely used. The writer of this article had made aniline oil at Albany in 1883, but his company did not last. Dr. Jayne, the elder, of the Barrett Co., had also undertaken to make it, but not for long. This new establishment, however, had such financial strength back of it that the alarm was sounded in Germany and they flooded the American market with aniline at less than cost. aniline at less than cost. It was a losing propo

sition, but the American owners stuck to it, while the Schoellkopf Works and Heller & Merz continued to buy and use the American product. Congress put a duty on aniline, but the Germans discounted the duty and continued to sell below cost. The fight was still on when the war broke loose. A great deal of aniline is used by textile mills for black dye. Before the war more than 12,000,000 lbs. were used annually, but the American mills generally used the German product.

THE SCIENCE OF DYEING

To get the dyestuff situation clear in our minds we must note another fact. Dyeing is an art, but it is also a science. "Don't talk about theories, give us practical men,' has been the slogan of the American business man for many years-and yet theory is the basis of science. The textile industry participated in this attitude, despite the fact that there were far-sighted mill men who combated the anti-scientific heresy and established such splendid institutions as the textile schools at Philadelphia and Lowell. The application of dyes to fibres in this country is still in transition from a trade to a professional calling. The agencies of German houses, some of which were American and some German owned, gave service along with the goods they sold. They sent textile chemists around to the mills to teach the dyers how to work with their products and to get the best results. This established very close relations between many of them and the agents of German manufacturers. The relationship was made all the closer because in many mills there is not a chemically trained man in the whole establishment. I am not speaking of the great, progressive manufacturing concerns whose works are models of efficiency, nevertheless I am describing a vast number of American textile mills.

Then came the war, and in 1915 the strain was on. The market was bare. A few importers started in to manufacture in a small way, but to this day the main product is from American factories that have developed as we shall soon see. We were still in the position of the farmer's wife who wanted to make pie and had nothing nearer to her ingredients than a field of wheat and an apple orchard. Munitions had to be made and they call for coaltar intermediates. Water-gas, so largely produced in this country, yields no tar, and tar

products were needed in the worst possible way. So by-product coke ovens were substituted for the bee-hive type as fast as they could be built, and now about 50 per cent. of our coke is made by the modern process. The owners of the one concern that made intermediates plunged in and built for the future. This concern is now producing more aniline alone than was formerly used in the entire country. The Du Ponts, with their great research laboratory and chemical staff, became tremendous users of coal-tar products, and it goes without saying that their handling of these is competent and intelligent. The Merrimac Chemical Co. near Boston and the Newport Chemical Co. in Wisconsin began to make intermediates, and so did Marden, Orth & Hastings, and the Butterworth-Judson Co. of Newark,

A SERIOUS ECONOMIC QUESTION In the meantime the dyestuff situation was desperate. Schoellkopf and Beckers were working three shifts and throwing back into extensions every penny of the big profits they made. The same may be said of Heller & Merz. Sherwin, Williams & Co., paint makers in Chicago, had to have certain colors for pigments and, as they could not buy them, they made them and are now producers. The big printing ink concern of Ault & Wiborg of Cincinnati could not buy, so they built and built well and are now producing. Dow of Michigan is already making indigo. Marden, Orth & Hastings of Newark are producing a considerable line. So is John Campbell and also the Butterworth-Judson Co. Herman A. Metz, formerly one of the leading importers, is manufacturing in two factories, and the Hudson River Works of the Bayer Co. at Rensselaer, N. Y., has gone back to making some colors again. The brothers Blum of the United Piece Dye Works at Paterson needed some colors for silk which they could not procure, and now they are producing some for the market. The Arnold Print Works at North Adams, Mass., is making a few of the dyes that it needs. And there are a vast number of other makers, some putting out only one or two colors and others more. Du Pont interests are building on a very large scale to make indigo and other colors. Much the largest producer of dyestuffs is the National Aniline & Chemical Co., Inc., which now includes the Schoellkopf Works of Buffalo,

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