ART. VI. MICHELET AS AN HISTORIAN 1. Ma Jeunesse. Par Jules Michelet. Deuxième Édition. 2. Jules Michelet: Euvres Complètes. Édition défini- tive, revue et corrigée. Paris: Flammarion, 1893, &c. And other works. 1. The Life of Abdur Rahman. Amir of Afghanistan. Edited by Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed Khan. Two vols. London: John Murray, 1900. 2. Khurasan and Sistan. By Lieut.-Colonel C. E. Yate. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1900. And other works. 2. La Captivité de Sainte-Hélène, d'après les rapports And other works. ART. X.-THE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA - 1. Boer Politics. By Yves Guyot. Translated from the French. London: John Murray, 1900. 2. The Settlement after the War in South Africa. By M. J. Farrelly, LL.D. London: Macmillan, 1900. And other works. 1. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. By his son, Leonard Huxley. Two Vols. London: Macmil- 2. Leaders in Science: Thomas Henry Huxley-A Sketch of his Life and Work. By P. Chalmers Mitchell, M.A. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1900. And other works. ART. II.-BRITISH AGRICULTURE IN THE NINETEENTH 1. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. And other works. 1. La vie de Pasteur. Par René Vallery-Radot. Paris: 2. Pasteur. By Percy Frankland and Mrs Percy Frank- And other works. 1. The Health of Nations. A review of the works of Edwin Chadwick. By Benjamin Ward Richardson. Two vols. London: Longmans, 1887. 2. Essays on Rural Hygiene. By George Vivian Poore, 1. La fin du Paganisme. Par Gaston Boissier, de l'Académie Française. Paris: 1891. And other works. ART. VIII. THE GAME OF BILLIARDS 1. Billiards. (The Badminton Library.) By Major W. Broadfoot, with contributions by other wiiters. New edition. London: Longmans, 1897. ART. IX. THE RELIEF OF KUMASSI - 1. Correspondence relating to the Ashanti War, 1900. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command And other works. ART. X.-THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY 1. Regina v. Cockerton. Judgment of the Queen's Bench Division, December 20th, 1900. And other works. ART. XI. THE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA 1. Native Races and the War. By Mrs Josephine E. Butler. London: Gay and Bird, 1900. And other works. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. Art. I.-BRITISH AGRICULTURE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 1. Reports of the first Board of Agriculture. London: 1794-1815. 2. The Farmer's Magazine. Edinburgh: 1800, 1801. 3. Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. Second and subsequent series. Edinburgh: 1828-1900. 4. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. London: 1839-1899. 5. English Agriculture in 1850-51. By James Caird. London: Longmans, 1852. 6. History of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. By Alexander Ramsay. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1879. 7. Pioneers and Progress of English Farming. By R. E. Prothero. London: Longmans, 1888. 8. Wages in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century. By Arthur L. Bowley, M.A., F.S.S. Cambridge: University Press, 1900. 9. Earnings of Agricultural Labourers. Report to the Labour Department of the Board of Trade. By Wilson Fox, 1900. (C. 346.) ARTICLE I. THE distinguishing characteristic of the nineteenth century in relation to agriculture is that it was the first century in which science, to any considerable extent, was applied to practice. It would be too much to say that science was not applied at all in an earlier period, because, to a small extent, the sciences of mechanics, physiology, and botany had long contributed information respectively to inventors Vol. 193.-No. 385. B of agricultural implements and machines, to growers of crops, and to breeders and feeders of live stock. The schoolmaster had not been abroad, however, among the rank and file of farmers; and the application of scientific teaching had remained in a rudimentary condition. Moreover, chemistry, which in recent times has done more than any other science for agriculture, was practically unconnected with that art until the nineteenth century came in. Sir Humphry Davy, the father of English agricultural chemistry, did not publish his Elements' of that division of science until 1813; while Boussingault, the father of agricultural chemistry in France, was not born until 1802; and Liebig came into the world a year later. In the details of practice alone, it hardly requires to be said, great improvement has taken place during the last century; but, except so far as this is the result of the alliance of science with the art of agriculture, it is more remarkable for the general application of the best methods of farming, adopted by only the few a hundred years ago, than for any very striking innovations. The truth of this statement will be obvious to anyone who glances through the agricultural works published towards the end of the eighteenth century. So strikingly true is it, indeed, that a reader acquainted with all branches of agricultural practice, if he consulted the books in question now for the first time, would be tempted to declare, 'There is nothing new under the sun.' To find illustrations in support of this remark, so far as England is concerned, it is necessary only to turn to such works as Arthur Young's 'Tours,' or the 'County Surveys' of the first Board of Agriculture; and, for Scotland, to Lord Kames's 'Gentleman Farmer,' the 'County Reports ' from Scotland to the Board, or the early volumes of the Edinburgh Farmer's Magazine.' Beginning with the tillage and cropping of land, it is to be noticed that, on enclosed farms, the courses of cropping, in all their variation, were nearly the same as they are now, except that wheat and beans occupied places in the rotation more generally than at present, while root crops were common in only a few English counties, and were still less widely grown in Scotland. Long before the end of the eighteenth century, Jethro Tull had introduced the |