Lovedale. The amount received the first year was 2007.; last year it was 33187.; in 1899 it was 35531.; and the total amount received since this method was introduced is over 45,000l. For clothes, books, and other expenses, an equal amount may be added. We thus reach the total of 90,000l. as expended by a comparatively small number of native people in the desire to obtain education for themselves or their children. That money represents so much labour thrown into the market or bestowed on native stock or crops, which had to be sold to procure it. The money could come from no other source.

About the year 1875, the success of the Lovedale Mission led the natives in the Transkei, under the guidance of Captain Blyth, to desire a similar or branch institution on a smaller scale. They were asked to contribute 1000l., and agreed to do so. As the building grew they were asked a second and a third time, and contributed in all 45007. The institution thus started is named Blythswood; its methods and results are similar to those of the older institution. From the Lovedale Institute there have gone out over seven hundred teachers of native schools, a large proportion of whom hold certificates from the Education Department of the Cape Colony, forty-nine native missionaries, and the same number of evangelists.

Desire for education, willingness to pay for it, readiness for social improvement, and the power to purchase our manufactures exist chiefly though not exclusively amongst Christianised natives. These are the people who are frequently described as 'useless,' 'spoilt,' 'utterly ruined in body and soul'; and this is laid at the door of missions. There are of course a few Kaffirs unimproved by education or Christianity. Are there no Englishmen of whom the same may be said? In the work of civilising the African continent we cannot do without Christianity, which is merely saying we cannot do without Christian missions. The civilisation and advancement of the native are the corollary of his freedom from slavery; and in his further progress towards good citizenship, emancipation from heathendom must be the first step. The best kind of Imperialism for the future of Africa is a Christian Imperialism.

Art. XII.-MANDELL CREIGHTON.

THE deep and universal regret with which the news of Dr Creighton's death was received three months ago by men of all classes and all shades of thought, indicated a general feeling that a heavier loss could hardly have fallen upon the English Church. Known already to scholars as an accomplished historian, to Oxford and Cambridge men as a distinguished member of two universities, to a few statesmen and churchmen as an ecclesiastic worthy of high office, and to a large circle of private friends as a man of unusual individuality, power, and charm, he was a stranger to the general public until, some four years ago, he was called to occupy the see of Ridley and Grindal, of Laud and Juxon, of Tait and Temple. Few men who have entered upon the wide field of public life in London at the ripe age of fifty-four have impressed themselves so deeply or so quickly upon the vast society around them. It was an impression made not so much by learning, though of that there was plenty, nor by wit and wisdom, though both wit and wisdom abounded in the public and private utterances of the late bishop, nor even by the tactful discharge of official duties, though this had already borne good fruit, as by the unusually striking and attractive personality of the man. It is this personality, and the conditions under which it was formed, that we shall attempt to sketch in the following pages.

Born and bred in the old border-town of Carlisle, educated in the ancient Palatine capital of Durham, beneath the shadow of feudal castle and episcopal palace, in a country teeming with legend and romance, the boy Creighton early received those historical impressions which so strongly tinged his thought and moulded his opinions in after-life. His first scholastic experience was in the cathedral school at Carlisle. At the age of fourteen, he won a king's scholarship at the grammar school of Durham. Dr Holden, then head-master, has recently told us that, in the examination, Creighton did no Latin verses, but that the excellence of his answers in the viva voce examination gained him the prize. At Durham he remained five years. Already short-sighted and wearing spectacles, he took little part in games; but he scored for the eleven,

and nearly won the school steeplechase, falling exhausted within fifty yards of the goal. Most stories of the youth of distinguished men are apocryphal, but a Durham contemporary records two characteristic things. The boy had a gift for mesmerising, which he practised on his younger school-fellows till forbidden to do so; and he was once heard to say, in answer to a question from his headmaster's wife, I intend to be a bishop, Mrs Holden.' It was a strange ambition for a lad of fourteen.

In 1862, at the age of nineteen, he gained a post-mastership at Merton, and launched out at once on the full tide of Oxford life. Merton was a small college then, containing only about sixty undergraduates. On the whole, it had the reputation of being a fast college, with an artistic and High Church turn; but it included representatives of every phase of Oxford character and every kind of pursuit. There were rich men and poor men, reading men and idlers, athletes, politicians, men of æsthetic tastes, ritualists; and this small but very mixed society afforded unlimited educational opportunities to one who was already a student of humanity in all its forms. Creighton soon knew everybody; but his intimates were naturally chosen from men whose tastes were more or less like his own. Among them were Copleston, now Bishop of Colombo, George Saintsbury, R. T. Raikes, S. B. Tristram, C. L. Shadwell, J. R. Thursfield, and others now well-known. He had a semi-Socratic way of 'taking up' ingenuous freshmen; but unlike most 'takers-up,' he never put them down again.

By way of exercise he took long walks, and rowed for several years in his college boat. Socially and hospitably inclined, his somewhat restricted means never hindered him from taking a full share in college life. He already felt his power, and intended to use it.

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'In the discussions which we carried on, about all things in heaven and earth, at all hours of the day and night, nothing' (says one of his most intimate friends) came up so often as a pet idea of his about "Influence." His friend opined that nobody but an idiot would submit to being influenced; but Creighton knew better, and set himself to obtain influence in various ways. It was partly for this reason that he took to boating; he would recognise no gulf between the reading-man and the athlete.

But the cult of athletics was not in those days the all

absorbing occupation which it has since become: 'walks and talks' were still an ordinary feature of university life, and they remained a marked feature of Creighton's life to the end. Whist was also a favourite relaxation; and he, with eleven others, started a select whist club for playing the modern scientific game, which was just then being introduced at Oxford. Creighton took no pleasure in sport of any kind, but he had an admirable knack of organising expeditions.' Walks of twenty miles and more were common things, and in 1863 he is said to have walked all the way from Oxford to Durham in order to be present on speech-day in his old school. He does not appear to have been much interested in politics, that is, in the political questions of the day. The early sixties, the end of the Palmerston régime, were not an interesting time from this point of view. Creighton's political views were those of a moderate Liberal; but he talked little about them. This was not the way his influence was to lie. Political history interested him, but not so much as ecclesiastical; and his sceptical turn of mind, his sense of the irony of things, and a certain contempt for loud generalisations and party specifics kept him from ever being a strong partisan. His religious views were already those of a High Churchman, but of a Liberal kind; as to their sincerity, whatever impression his vivacious and untrammelled talk may have sometimes given, neither then nor afterwards did those who knew him best have any doubt. It is related of him, during his undergraduate days, that at one time he took to absenting himself, along with a few kindred spirits, from dinner in hall on Fridays. This offended certain members of the college, who, on one occasion made a raid on the rooms where Creighton and his friends were assembled. The captain of the would-be rioters was a big powerful man, but the Professor'such was his undergraduate nickname-was not afraid. The door was thrown open, and the disturbers burst into the room; but when Creighton invited the ringleader to begin, the latter recoiled, and the whole party beat a quick retreat.

In literature Creighton's tastes were then, as always, catholic; but as yet he had read little of foreign authors: his devotion to Dante was of later date. He was a Tennysonian and a Browningite; and a friend, who brought him

a copy of Swinburne's Poems and Ballads,' recalls his lying in a hammock all day and reading aloud, till one or other of the company seized the book in order to have his turn, Dolores' and 'Laus Veneris,' and all the rest. He had a tempered liking for Carlyle, and at one time was very fond of Kingsley. It may be mentioned here that he was always a great reader of novels. Balzac was his favourite: the great Frenchman's comprehensive insight into human nature had an attraction for Creighton which never palled. In poetry, except Italian poetry, he did not in later years, take much delight. He had, to a consummate degree, the art of reading rapidly, and no good literature came amiss.

No one could have entered with a keener gusto than Creighton into all the varied interests of Oxford life; but they did not keep him from a vigorous preparation for his degree. Then, as in later days, he seemed to find time for everything. Much of his reading was done in other men's rooms-a practice not usually regarded as compatible with serious study; but Creighton never minded interruptions. He read hard and steadily, in his quick, concentrated way, though when and how he got through his work was a mystery' to more than one of his friends. The result was distinction. He took a first in 'Mods,' and a first in Greats,' as well as a second in the Law and History school, which he obtained on less than six months' reading. Shortly afterwards he was elected to a fellowship at his own college, and late in the year 1866 settled down to the second phase of his Oxford life as a 'don.' He became a tutor almost immediately, and held this post till he left Oxford in 1875.

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Soon after his appointment several vacancies occurred in the college staff. Edward Caird, now Master of Balliol, who had been one of Creighton's tutors, went to Scotland; William Sidgwick married; and Creighton rapidly became the dominant spirit in the common-room. There are few positions, if any, which offer larger opportunities for moulding the minds and characters of individual men than that of a college tutor, especially when separated by not too great an interval of age from the pupils under his charge. Creighton was eminently fitted for using these opportunities, and he made the most of them. He was a man already of ripe judgment and sound learning, in