chapter gives a very full and complete account of the constitution of the Ottoman Empire, and of the exceptional condition of its Christian dependencies. The fifth chapter analyses the sources of the Law of Nations, distinguishing natural from positive law, and tracing the growth of the positive Law of Nations, according as it is founded on custom or conventions. The study of the Law of Nations in England is illustrated, and the nature of the Diplomatic science specified. The sixth chapter is taken up with the discussion of the Right of Self-Preservation and Self-Defence, showing how it gives rise to the Right of Coalition, upon which has been founded a system of Balance or Equilibrium amongst the Nations of Europe, which has been made repeatedly the subject of treaty-recognition amongst the great European Powers since the Peace of Utrecht. The seventh and eighth chapters treat of the jus possidendi and the jura possessionis; in other words, of the right of Nations to acquire territory, and of the primary rights resulting from the possession of territory. The ninth chapter treats of the Right of Jurisdiction, as incident to the Right of Empire, and as coincident with territorial possession. In the tenth chapter the Right of the Sea is discussed, and the origin and extent of the Admiralty jurisdiction is shown, and the distinction taken between the Right and Comity of Nations in maritime matters. The eleventh chapter treats of the Right of Legation, and illustrates the changes which have taken place in the etiquette and ceremonial of Embassy since the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The twelfth and last chapter discusses the Right of Treaty, pointing out the great diversity in the subject-matter of treaties, distinguishing temporary conventions from permanent recognitions, and illustrating each variety of treaty by appropriate examples. The work is eminently practical, and is intended to present to the reader nothing but what may be regarded as settled Law between Nations. The scope of the volume is limited to the Rights and Duties of Nations in time of Peace. A second volume, which is announced in the preface, will embrace the Rights and Duties of Nations in time of War.

Lectures on the Science of Language, delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in April, May, and June, 1861. By MAX MÜLLER, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford; Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France. 8vo. pp. 410, price 12s. cloth. [July 13, 1861.

THESE Lectures aim at presenting, within the limits of a single volume, a survey of the various researches into the origin, nature, and his

tory of human speech, from the earliest to the latest times. These researches are now for the first time reduced to a systematic form, and in this form they constitute a new science, for which the Author claims a place among the Physical Sciences. Like every one of the Physical Sciences, the Science of Language is shown to have passed through three stages, the Empirical, the Classificatory, and the Theoretical. The Empirical stage comprehends the attempts of the Greeks and Romans, and of the Hindus, at reducing language to grammatical order. The nomenclature of our own formal grammar is the result of these attempts, and one Lecture, the Third, is devoted to tracing the origin and history of our grammatical terms, such as case, gender, genitive, &c. The next Lecture gives the history of the various systems of classification applied to the languages of mankind, and shows how the discovery of Sanskrit, and of its relationship to the principal languages of Europe, led to the discovery of the true principles of a scientific classification of languages. The fifth Lecture gives a statement of the results thus obtained, and a survey of the principal families of speech. The sixth Lecture is devoted to comparative grammar, or the analysis of the formal elements of speech, and the reduction of the grammatical terminations to originally independent words. The next Lecture treats of the constituent elements of language, which are shown to be Radicals, either predicative or demonstrative. After another Lecture, in which the growth of language is demonstrated by a reference to the Monosyllabic, or Chinese; the Agglutinative, or Turanian; the Inflectional, or the Aryan and Semitic strata of speech, the Author approaches the problem of the common origin of human speech. IIe shows that no valid argument has yet been established against the possibility of a common origin, and he explains the confusion of tongues by the working of two principles inherent in language, namely, Phonetic Decay, and Dialectical Regeneration. The concluding Lecture treats of the relation of Language to Thought. The Author rejects the two current theories, according to which all language can be reduced either to Interjections, or to an imitation of the sounds of nature. He shows that an analysis of language does not countenance these à priori theories, but leads to the admission of primitive roots, corresponding to the first general conceptions of the human mind. The Primum Cognitum and the Primum Appellatum are shown, contrary to Locke and Adam Smith, to be the general, and not the individual; and the fact that language forms the insurmountable barrier between man and brute is explained by the other fact, that man alone is capable of forming general conceptions. Several of the fundamental problems of Metaphysics and

Psychology are thus claimed as the domain of the Science of Language in its last or theoretical stage, and the attention of the philosopher is invited to a mass of evidence hitherto entirely neglected, which, if properly used, will throw new light on the most important questions in the Science of the Mind.

Social Life and Manners in Australia; being the Notes of Eight Years' Experience. By a RESIDENT. Post 8vo. pp. 220, price 58. cloth. [June 15, 1861.

IN this work the writer, who is an English lady, has endeavoured to place before her readers, in a series of extracts from her diary, a true picture of what fell under her observation and experience in the colony of Victoria Felix, which was her home during eight years. Leaving England in 1852, the writer had the opportunity of watching the rise and progress of a city at the antipodes, which has advanced with unprece dented rapidity, from a collection of huts to the seat of a numerous and wealthy population, cultivating with success the pursuits and refinements of civilised life. On her arrival she saw Melbourne in its infancy a straggling out-settlement, with streets knee-deep in mud, and frequently inundated by dangerous floods; and such as it was, nearly destitute of inhabitants, since all who could get away were rushing to the newlyfound gold-fields in the hope of amassing fortunes. In 1860 the author left Melbourne a spacious and stately city, rich in public buildings, scientific institutions, and places of amusement; lavishing her gold on everything that can beautify her and entitle her to comparison with the cities of the Old World.

Almost as soon as she reached Australia, the author accompanied her husband to the diggings at Castlemaine. From that point of residence she made various excursions to the neighbouring gold-fields, Forest Creek, Quartz Hills, Tarrengower, Mount Franklin, Barber's Creek, Ben. digo, and the Avoca. All these places, amongst others, are visited and described. Sketches are given of the scenery, with pictures of camp-life amongst the settlers, their stations and mode of living; and some accounts are added of the career of various individual settlers, as related by themselves to the author. A day is spent examining the mi-mis (portable huts of fanciful construction, resembling tents) of a native tribe; and a description is given of the natives, their weapons of war, and savage habits. A romantic episode is added from the life of Lucy, the belle of the Avoca tribe, who became the lubra or mistress of a white man belonging to a neighbouring settlement. After an absence of two years the author

returned to Melbourne, where she established a home. In this part of her work she relates, for the information of intending emigrants, her personal experience in taking and furnishing a house, and other domestic arrangements. A chapter is devoted to the public buildings and amusements of this pleasure-loving city; and another to the fêtes at Toorac, balls, operas, bazaars, and excursion parties to the bush, including a visit to the far-famed Ballan and Lallal Falls, and a few days in an outlying settler's home. Some account is given of the "native companions,"-a species of stork with remarkably gay plumage and of diverting habits, abundant on the plains of the interior, where they are rarely molested,of kangaroo hunting, and of the natural history of the emu. An invitation to a squatter prince,— the name given locally to the proprietors of very extensive tracts of territory,-gave the author an opportunity of viewing the picturesque Fern Gully, and the scenery of Mount Juliet. The volume ends with a trip to New Zealand, where the author obtained a glimpse of a settler's life in the beautiful settlement of Dunedin, in the province of Otago, in the Middle Island. A brief description is given of the characteristic features of the country, accompanied by an account of the natives, and some particulars relating to the origin of the war still raging in the island.

Glencreggan: or a Highland Home in Cantire. By CUTHBERT BEDE. Pp. 772; with 3 Maps, 8 Illustrations in Chromo-lithography, and 61 Woodcuts from the Author's drawings. 2 vols. post 8vo. price 25s. cloth.

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[July 6, 1861. LENCREGGAN is a house pleasantly built on the Atlantic edge of Cantire. "Ceantire" is Gaelic for "Land's-end," and the name has been given to the southern part of Argyleshire, which forms a peninsula of forty miles long, widening from two miles to ten, and only twelve miles removed from Ireland. It is washed by the Atlantic, and flanked by the Isles of Arran and the Southern Hebrides; and, from its nearness to these islands, as well as from its peninsular characteristics, it can boast of more varied seaviews and landscapes than many better-known districts of the Western Highlands. Traversing the centre of Cantire, and forming the back-bone of the peninsula, is a range of heathery hills, with an average altitude of 1200 feet, the greatest elevation being attained by Beinn-an-Tuirc, "The Wild Boar's Mountain," whose summit is 2170 feet above the sea. The hill of Cnoc Maigh, on the Mull of Cantire, attains an altitude of 2063 feet; the Mull itself being, for the most part, a

confused pile of hills, some of which are but little inferior in height to Cnoc Maigh. The stern and grand scenery of the Mull- against whose rockbound coast the Atlantic waves are dashed with a roar that (as it is said) has been heard at a distance of forty miles is in marked contrast to the lovely lake-like scenery of West Loch Tarbert, in the northern part of the peninsula, which, in its turn, is a complete contrast to the rugged labyrinth of the Eastern Loch. Thus

It

Cantire offers to the tourist scenery that is grand, beautiful, and agreeably diversified; and panoramic views that embrace the torn peaks of Arran, Ben Lomond, Ben More, Islay and Jura, and the Irish coast from Fair Head to the Giant's Causeway. It was from Ireland to Cantire that the first Scots came; and this peninsula yields to no other part of Scotland in historical interest. It was the original seat of the Scottish monarchy, and its chief town (now called Campbelton) was the capital of the Scottish kingdom three centuries before Edinburgh sprang into existence. was the first part of western Scotland where Christianity took root; its nearness to Ireland caused it to be subject to other invasions than those of the Danes; and, from its being a chief territory of the Lords of the Isles, and having within its boundaries some of their most important strongholds, its soil was the scene of perpetual feuds and chronic wars. Every inch of Cantire ground has its tradition, now of St. Columba, now of Robert Bruce, now of the Dalriadhs, now of the Lords of the Isles: these traditions are but locally known; and, as the same may almost be said of the Cantire scenery, the Author of the present work may be credited with a subject that is alike novel and interesting.

The chief materials for these volumes were gathered during a visit to Cantire in the autumn of 1859, since which period the Author has been at pains to collect a large body of information, statistical and archæological, connected with this Western Highland territory of the Lords of the Isles, and to give a full and informing sketch of its history, scenery, and antiquities, trusting that his descriptions may point out a new and pleasant Highland tour to those who wish to step out of the beaten track of highroad travelling, and hoping that his volumes may be found a companionable guide and a trustworthy book of reference to all whose business or pleasure brings them to, or interests them in, Cantire. There is no doubt that the locality which forms the subject of these volumes is as little known and visited by the generality of tourists as though it were in another hemisphere; but that it has many and peculiar attractions to recommend it to the notice of the tourist, artist, sportsman, archæologist, and the lover of out-of-the-way spots where old

customs linger and older legends abound, the Author has abundantly shown both with his pen and pencil. By their aid he has endeavoured to make the reader acquainted with the wild and picturesque features of the Atlantic-washed shores of Cantire the quieter characteristics of the moors and glens of the inland country. - the scenery of mountain, loch, and river - the dress, manners, customs, sports, and employments of the inhabitants, as well as their towns, villages, castles, farms, and cottage dwellings. These descriptions are diversified by character sketches, and incidents arising out of the Author's journeys to and fro; they are illustrated by apt quotations in prose and poetry (many of these being from valuable and scarce works), and are enlivened by abundant anecdotes and legendary stories.

Of the legendary stories (upwards of fifty of which will be new to the reader) many are of historical value. Such are those which relate to the early visits to Cantire of St. Columba, and his tutor St. Kiaran, and their preaching of the Gospel in Cantire, before its good tidings had been proclaimed in any other portion of the Western Highlands, or at Iona. Such, too, are the many stories connected with the terrible massacre at "the Rock of Blood" at Dunaverty; - the legends of the Dalriadhs, the Scoto-Irish Celts, the invasions from Ireland, and the prowess and deeds of the Lords of the Isles, more especially the Macdonalds, of whom many remarkable stories are told. Amongst these the most prominent are the legends of Macdonald and his Cuckoo, Macdonald and the King of Innisheon's daughter, Macdonald's divorce, the Laird of Largie and the Silver Bullet, the Laird of Largie and the Beggar Captain, and the other stories in which the Lairds of Largie (who were Macdonalds) play a chief part, and which have a historical value both from their connexion with historical events, and from painting, in the graphic and truthful touches of local legends, the characters of these wild Highland chiefs and Lords of the Isles, Straying into the bye-paths of history, too, are those Cantire legends of The Duns or Danish forts, the Great Plague, Argyll and his Whelps, Robert Bruce, Macneal's Bible, The Hangman's Rock, and the Boat-carrying of Magnus Barefoot, which caused the peninsula of Cantire to be reckoned among the Sodorenses, or Southern Islands. The Cantire legends of Diarmid, and of the Wild-boar's Mountain, are thoroughly Ossianic, and Dr. Smith's version of the latter legend is given in the Appendix. Other legends relate to popular superstitions; such as The Laird of Carskay and Littlemouth-The Piper of Keill - How Callum cheated the Evil Eye - The Black Fisherman of Lochsanish Beith and the Arch-fiend — with others pertaining to fairies, weepers, haunted

wells, brownies, wind-sellers, second sight, serpents, and Beil-teine or Druid's May-day. Other legends deal with local history or customs, such as The Tales of the Vagrants, The Sailor's Cup of Tea, The Brave Girl of Barr Glen, The Joint Farmers and the 'Cute Chamberlain, Mac Eachin's Entertainment to Mac Callum More, The Raid on Macneal, The Sharp-witted Lad, The Largie Piper and the Learned Gentleman, and the remarkable Marriage Customs of Saints Coustlan and Coivin.

The subject of Iona Crosses touches upon the legendary, and the Author discusses it fully, and endeavours to prove that the beautiful Crosses at Campbelton and Inverary (the latter, as it is thought, having been removed from Kilcolmkill, on the Mull of Cantire) were really sculptured in Iona. Sketches of these crosses are given, and, considering that they are such important specimens, it is remarkable that their elaborate ornamentation has never before been represented by the engraver. The ecclesiastical antiquities of Cantire are rude, but highly interesting; they are noticed in their proper places, and are comprehensively treated in a chapter (in the Appendix) on the ecclesiology of Cantire. The chief ecclesiastical structures in Cantire were Saddell Monastery and the Chapel of Skipness. Of the ancient fortresses of Cantire, Saddell and Skipness are the only two that are not in a ruined state; but there are some remains of Tarbert Castle, and the vitrified forts are numerous.

Among the sports connected with the Cantire moors, rivers, and seas, the Author treats of grouse shooting, salmon fishing and spearing, otter hunting, and seal shooting; and among the products of Cantire he bestows due attention on the Loch Fyne herrings, and deep-sea fisheries; the Tarbert oysters, and Muasdale lobsters; the manufacture of whisky, and the illicit stills; the flocks and herds, and cattle upon the thousand hills; and the kelp gathering and manufacture. The botany of the district is adequately noticed, together with the ferns, blue-bells, and berries; the heather and its various uses, and the "Trees of Heather-land." The Natural History of Cantire is also given, with particular mention of the kyloes, horned sheep, and collies, with original anecdotes of the shepherds' dogs, and a curious record of the mole in its connection with the Campbells. The Ornithology and Geology of the peninsula are duly attended to, together with its agriculture, and social and physical aspects. The "bucolics of Cantire" have but recently emerged from the state of the braidh, the quern, and harrowing at the horse's tail, and many of the farms and cottages are some centuries behindhand in improvement. Their shortcomings are pointed out by the Author, whose visits to farmhouse and

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cottage are pleasantly sketched. Among other subjects he has also treated of schools and education; Scotch Kirks and Sabbaths; Scotch weather, and sunsets upon the Atlantic; Scotch "washings" and dirt; Scotch sweets and dishes; Highland harvests and reapers; Highland prejudice against pork; the various uses of naked feet; Highland costume, both modern and ancient; Ossian and the Druids; the Gulf-Stream and medusæ ; Highland hospitality and politeness, &c.

Besides a coloured GEOLOGICAL MAP (contributed by a competent authority) there is a small ROUTE MAP, and a large folding MAP of CANTIRE, compiled with considerable care from the best authorities (including some original sources), and which, it is believed, will be found the most correct map of the peninsula yet published. The information in the work is brought down to so recent a date as the end of May, 1861; and a full Table of Contents and a Classified INDEX facilitate the use of the work for the purposes of reference.

Of the ILLUSTRATIONS, eight are chromo-litho graphs, printed by the Messrs. Hanhart in imitation of the Author's water-colour drawings. Their subjects, illustrative of the varied scenery of Cantire, are (1.) Glen-Barr Abbey; the mountain of Beinn-an-Tuirc in the distance. (2.) Saddell House and Castle. (3.) The Mull of Cantire; Islay in the distance. (4.) Kilkerran, Campbelton Harbour, and Davar Ísland; Kilbrannan Sound and Arran in the distance. (5.) Barr-Glen; looking over the Atlantic. (6.) Off to the Moors. View from Glencreggan House, looking over the Atlantic to the Southern Hebrides. (7.) View on the Glencreggan Moors. (8.) Largie Castle. The woodcuts are sixty-one in number, of which eight are full-page vignettes, printed apart from the text, as follows:

Loch Ranza, Isle of Arran.
Dunaverty Rock and Bay, Cantire.
Glencreggan, from the Atlantic.
Interior of a West Highland Cottage.
Kelp-gathering on the western coast of Cantire.
Clachaig Glen, Muasdale, Cantire.
Killean, Cantire.

East Loch Tarbert, on Loch Fyne, Cantire.

Of the woodcuts printed in the text, and drawn on the wood by the Author, a portion are devoted to illustrations of the Firth of Clyde; Campbelton Harbour and Town; Machrihanish Bay; Barr Village; Glen-Barr Abbey; various scenes in the neighbourhood of Glencreggan and Killean, and the town of East Tarbert. Five woodcuts illustrate the Campbelton and Inverary Crosses. Others are devoted to figure subjects, such as Scotch washing; Highland reapers; Gudewives and mutches; Rag and Bone Woman; Training