Psychological Inquiries, PART II. Being a Series of Essays intended to illustrate some points in the Physical and Moral History of Man. By Sir BENJAMIN C. BRODIE, Bart., D.C.L. F.R.S. Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France, &c. &c. Fep. 8vo. pp. 260, price 5s, cloth." [April 23, 1862.

IN the present Essays, which, like the former series, are presented in the form of dialogue, the author has continued the examination of a subject which has at once a speculative and a practical interest. The constitution of man involves, in its relation of mind to matter, questions which cannot be answered by researches in any one department of knowledge. One chief object of this volume is therefore to show that a real acquaintance with the nature and the work of man cannot be acquired unless the observations of the physiologist are combined with those of the moral philosopher. Hence, if in these dialogues some subjects are discussed in which, from the imperfection of our faculties, our capacity for acquiring knowledge is very limited, while some others (as the future destiny of men on the earth, and the future history of the animal creation) may appear to be topics of mere speculation, it must be remembered that the examination of all such subjects has, if rightly undertaken, a directly practical bearing, as enabling us to understand the extent to which we may improve our own faculties and our well-being in life. The subject is preeminently one which demands constant and careful observation; and if its range has not yet been exactly defined, it is one in which such observation will lead the way to inductions perhaps more practical than those of many sciences which boast a more complete method and classification.

the present work, having resided in an official position for two years in Syria, and during the years 1860 and 1861 in Constantinople, where he was appointed Accountant-General of the Bank of Turkey, had many opportunities of obtaining much reliable information, and he has now collected statistics, up to the latest date, of the trade and commerce of the principal commercial towns in the Ottoman Empire: viz. Constantinople, Smyrna, Brussa, Trebizond, Samsoun, Salonica, Volo, Monastir, Bosnia, Rhodes, Mitylene, Scio, Cyprus, Cos, Crete, Ibraila, Galatz, Ismail and Reni; Beyrout, Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, Aintab, Marash, Orfa, Alexandretta, Tripoli, and Latakia.

In this work the resources of Turkey are considered with especial reference to the profitable investment of capital, and the author points out various ways of developing the enormous resources of the country, which would be productive of considerable profits to those who cooperate in such undertakings. Banking is placed foremost amongst those enterprises as certain to realise large profits, and at the same time aid considerably in encouraging agriculture and commerce. The construction of horse tram-roads from the interior to the coast- the improved cultivation of cotton in Macedonia, Asia-Minor, and Syria-mining operations- -are amongst the undertakings to which the author asserts that capital may be safely and profitably applied.

Canada and the Crimea; or, Sketches of a Soldier's Life. From the Journal and Correspondence of the late Major GEORGE RANKEN, R.E. Edited by his Brother, W. BAYNE RANKEN. Pp. 328, with a Portrait of Major Ranken. Post 8vo. price 7s. 6d. cloth. [April 23, 1862.

THE first portion of this work contains an ac

count of the author's residence in Canada, his journey through the Northern and Southern States of America, and his visit to the Havana. Major RANKEN gives a graphic description of a Moose hunt in Canada, and of a great fire which in 1854 nearly destroyed Montreal, and in arresting the progress of which he took a very prominent part. He was present at the inauguration of General Pierce as President at Washington; and gives a detailed account of his travels in the Slave States.

The second portion of the work is devoted to the Crimea, where Major RANKEN preserved a very full Journal of events. He was actively engaged during the whole time he was there, and on the memorable 8th of September led "the forlorn hope" in the assault on the Redan. He

B

gives a very vivid and intelligible account of the attack and its failure, and animated sketches of life in camp, the scenery of the Crimea, and the appearance of Sebastopol after the siege. Having escaped unhurt through a thousand dangers, he was killed an hour before the news of peace arrived, by an accidental explosion, while engaged in superintending the destruction of the White Barrack in the Karabelnaia; and thus had the melancholy distinction of being the last Englishman who lost his life in the Crimean War.

Major RANKEN's observations on the Manners and Customs of the Americans, his remarks on the Slave Question, and his prediction of the probability of a disunion of the Northern and Southern States, will probably be read with unusual interest at a period like the present, when much public attention is concentrated on the Civil War raging in America. His account of the assault on the Redan, it may be added, is the fullest authentic record yet published.

THE

The Anglo-Saxon Home: a History of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England, from the Fifth to the Eleventh Century. By JOHN THRUPP. 8vo. pp. 410, price 12s. cloth. [May 24, 1862. THE author of this volume has undertaken to investigate the origin and validity of an opinion held by some of our writers on AngloSaxon history, that society made no progress in civilisation during the Anglo-Saxon epoch. With this view, instead of taking the epoch in question as one uniform period, he has subdivided it by centuries, and examined the changes and variations in each; and has thus attempted to present a truer picture of the domestic life of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, as well as to trace, so far as existing materials will allow, the gradual development amongst them of the domestic affections, and of the morals and manners of private life. The Anglo-Saxon period, extending over about six hundred years, has, for convenience, been divided into three chronological sections, each with distinct influences working upon society: the first extending from the arrival of Hengist and Horsa to the youth of Egbert (the end of the eighth century); the second from the time when the invasions of the Danes became habitual, till their final settlement in this country (A.D. 787, to the reign of Canute); and the third from the death of Canute to the Norman Conquest.

As the foundation of the family, the element without which it could not exist, the Wife forms the subject of the first chapter. The history of woman is traced through her various

relations with the other sex and with society, in the sentiments which she inspired, the mode of seeking and obtaining her as a wife, the restrictions on marriage, the ceremonies attending its solemnisation, and the several questions of espousals, the marriage contract, divorce, and matrimonial rights. It is shown by a large amount of evidence on all these points, that the condition and position of the female sex had undergone a very great improvement between the time of Hengist and Horsa and that of the Norman Conquest. In the first part of this period women were the absolute property of their fathers or of their husbands, while at the latter date they were to a great extent free. The Child naturally follows the Wife, and forms the subject of the second chapter. The legal position of the child went through a progress similar to that of the wife. In the earlier period the child was the absolute property of the parents, who had the power of life and death over their offspring. Infanticide prevailed to a frightful extent, and, to the very end of the Anglo-Saxon period exposure of children was a very common practice. The parent had always the right of selling the child into slavery, until it had reached a certain age. Moreover, the son was liable to be punished for his father's crimes, and to be sold to pay his father's debts. The legal relation of children to their parents, however, went through a continual progress of amelioration during the Anglo-Saxon period, until, at the time of the Norman Conquest, all its barbarous liabilities had ceased; and, although still regarded as occupying a position of extreme subjection or dependence, children had ceased to be chattels or slaves. This chapter treats also of the various subjects of infanticide, baptism, the imposition of names, education, the parent's authority, and the liabili

ties of infants.

The other elements of social life are similarly treated in successive chapters. The Slaves or Serfs embraced a very large portion of AngloSaxon society, and the causes which reduced them to vassalage, as well as the various conditions which serfdom or vassalage entailed, form an interesting study. The chapter on the Freeman includes the subject of private war, which was at first one of his great privileges, the relation between the lord and his man, guilds, public lands, political rights, and the symbols of freedom, among which the most important and that most insisted on was the mode of wearing the hair. Other chapters are devoted to the Noble, the Priest, the Monk, the Nun, and the Pilgrim. The consideration of the ecclesiastical portion of society leads to the subjects of Penances and Superstitions, each of which is treated in detail in a separate chapter; and another,

under the title of Virtues and Vices, discusses the moral qualities of the Anglo-Saxon, and the reverse, especially those which come under the heads of honesty, temperance, hospitality, valour, cruelty, and chastity.

Mr. Thrupp intimates that the main topic of his work, and originally the only topic he intended to treat, was the history of domestic civilisation, but that he had afterwards resolved on adding chapters in order to complete the picture of domestic life in England from the fifth to the eleventh century. These chapters include the subjects of Anglo-Saxon poetry and music, the character of the glee-man and his position in society. The sports and pastimes of the Anglo-Saxons also occupy a long chapter, and include hunting, hawking, fishing, to all which sports our early forefathers were warmly attached, their favourite exercises of swimming, skating, and boating, the keeping and petting of domestic animals, dancing and tumbling, a variety of indoor amusements, their wit and humour, and practical jokes, which were very rough and coarse, and often absolutely brutal. Death-bed customs, and the rites and ceremonies observed at funerals, occupy the closing chapter of the book, which, the author believes, will go far

to

prove "that the social history of AngloSaxon England exhibits a state of moral and domestic improvement, and that this advance may be mainly traced to the influence of the Christian religion and of Roman laws and literature, and to the adventurous self-reliant spirit of the Anglo-Saxon race."

An Historical Memoir on Northumberland, descriptive of its General History and Past Condition, its Progress, Natural Features, and Remarkable Buildings. By WILLIAM SIDNEY GIBSON, Esq., M.A., of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-law; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and of the Geological Society, Hon. Member of the Academie des Sciences, Arts, et Belles Lettres de Dijon, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquarics of Copenhagen; Author of the "History of Tynemouth," "Northumbrian Churches and Castles," "Lectures and Essays," &c. Fcp. 8vo. pp. 136, price 2s. 6d. cloth.

features of each of the English Counties might be condensed into an inexpensive Handbook, and be made acceptable to all classes of readers. At the instance of some correspondents who are promoters of the design for publishing a series of short Popular County Histories, the author of the present work has rewritten his recently published Memoir of Northumberland, in order that in its present shape it may form one of the series undertaken for the above-mentioned purpose.

Life of Arthur First Duke of Wellington, partly from the French of M. Brialmont; partly from Original Documents. By the Rev. G. R. GLEIG, M. A., Chaplain-General to H.M. Forces, and Prebendary of St. Paul's. Second Edition, condensed into One Volume, pp. 732; with 16 Plans and Maps, and a Portrait, engraved, by permission of Mr. Graves, by F. C. Lewis, from a Drawing by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A. 8vo. price 15s. cloth. [March 19, 1862.

THE

HE single volume now offered to the public contains not only all that was set forth in the four volumes which preceded it, but a great deal more. Many remarkable incidents in the Duke's early life, in his Irish administration, and in his proceedings before Copenhagen, are here, for the first time, described; and to the account previously given of his career as a statesman, and of his habits of thought and of action as a member of society, some very curious additions are made. The author in his preface, thus explains the apparent anomaly:

"In following the footsteps of the Duke as a soldier, M. Brialmont has been now, as he was before, my principal guide. I have not, however, considered it necessary, on the present occasion, to adhere very rigidly either to M. Brialmont's manner of telling the story, or to his criticisms on particular operations. The wars arising out of the first French Revolution are so familiar to the bulk of English readers, that to go into them again much in detail would only weary. But I shall have most imperfectly accomplished my purpose if the sequence of events be at all obscure, or the professional reader cut off from any one of those lessons in the art of war which the Duke's masterly management of armies sets forth at every

In these sentences we find a sufficient explanation of the fact that a work of lesser dimension should be more full than that of which it seems yet to be an abridgment. Without absolutely deserting M. Brialmont, the translator is content to make use of him. Military details, both in India and

the Peninsula, are thus shortened without being rendered obscure, in order that space may be found for a broader and more finished portraiture of the great man who conducted them. And the results are that, according to Mr. Gleig's calculation, the Duke's career has been so described, and his character so painted, as to leave little which shall be noteworthy- nothing which may be important to be supplied by future biographers. A work which, when first published, was of necessity both voluminous and expensive, is by these means brought within the reach of Englishmen of all ranks and callings.

The biography before us is divided into 41 chapters. The 1st describes the lineage of the Wellesley family; the school career of its greatest ornament; his service in Ireland as aide-de-camp to the Lord Lieutenant; and his campaign, under the Duke of York, in the Netherlands. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th give a condensed but clear detail of his career in India. The 5th and 6th are devoted to the story of his administration as Chief Secretary for Ireland, and of the part which he played in the attack on Copenhagen in 1806. With the opening of the 7th, we go with him into Portugal; and throughout the succeeding 14 chapters, follow his fortunes during the war in the Spanish Peninsula. The 22nd and 23rd chapters show us how he acted his part-first, as British Ambassador at Paris; and next, as leader of the troops who fought and conquered at Waterloo. În the 24th, we find him mixed up with French affairs, because commanding the allied army of occupation; and in the 25th he becomes, for the first time, a member of the Home Government, with a seat in the Cabinet.

His career as a statesman now opens upon us. He takes his part in maintaining the peace of the country throughout the troublesome years of 1818 and 1819; he is mixed up with the trial of Queen Caroline, and with the Cato Street conspiracy. He is then called upon to undertake important missions-first to Verona, and secondly to St. Petersburg-and he acquits himself in both with consummate address. Intestine troubles now arise, and he declines to support Mr. Canning's administration, assigning, with his usual frankness, the reasons by which he is actuated; and retires from the command of the army, to which he had recently been appointed. But a more important role awaits him. He is constrained to accept office as Prime Minister; he faces the main difficulty of the situation; he passes the Roman Catholic Relief Bill, and tells his own tale as to the mode in which the deed was done.

The Duke's duel with Lord Winchilsea is one consequence of this act; the breaking up of the oid Tory party another. The administration cannot hold its ground; and, amid many con

vulsions both in town and country, it quits office. Then comes the struggle of the Reform Bill, the part played by the Duke in which is fully detailed, with its immediate consequences to himselfmobbing, insult, and threatened assassination. But his unpopularity soon blows over. On the Opposition benches, and again as a member of Sir Robert Peel's Cabinet in 1835 and in 1842, he becomes the idol of the nation. And if the share which he takes in repealing the Corn-laws puts an end to some of his oldest political friendships, it loses him no portion of that universal reverence with which the great body of the people had long regarded him.

The last chapters of the book are devoted to a description of the Duke's manner of life when, retired from active politics, he continued to command the army, and to be the adviser of his Sovereign and her Minister. Here the veil is raised which shows what he was in the domestic circle. And, last of all, his character is sketched not only as a soldier and a statesman, but as a

man.

The author has had every facility afforded him to execute his task with accuracy, through the ready access afforded to the Duke's private papers, and his correspondence with most of the Duke's oldest friends. He draws, likewise, not unfairly, upon his own personal recollections. And he sums up with reprinting M. Brialmont's wellknown estimate, the correctness of which, coming from a foreigner, is as extraordinary as the style in which it is delivered is vigorous and effective.

The Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon; Including all his Occasional Works; namely Letters, Speeches, Tracts, State Papers, Memorials, Devices, and all Authentic Writings not already printed among his Philosophical, Literary, or Professional Works. Newly collected and set forth in Chronological Order; with a Commentary, biographical and historical. BY JAMES SPEDDING, of Trinity College, Cambridge. Vols. I. and II., pp. 832. 2 vols. 8vo. price 24s. cloth.

[March 22, 1862. THESE volumes, though published as a sepa

THE

rate work, are a continuation of the new edition of Bacon's entire works, according to the plan originally announced. They contain the first instalment of what were then called the "Occasional Works," edited in strict conformity with the design which was explained at large in the "History and Plan" of that edition; and when they are completed, the three parts together

namely, the Philosophical Works (now to be had complete in 5 volumes), the Literary and

Professional Works (now to be had complete in 2 volumes), and the Letters and Life (to be completed probably in 6 volumes of the size of these) -will contain every extant composition of Bacon's.

The writings here collected, though distributed, for purposes of connexion and separation, into books, chapters, and sections, are arranged strictly according to date, and extend to the middle of Bacon's 41st year-a month or two after the death of the Earl of Essex. They include everything of an occasional character which he wrote up to that date; nor has any letter, speech, or other composition been omitted, of which there remains an authentic and intelligible record known to the editor. Though interspersed with the editor's Commentary, they are so set out as to be easily distinguishable from it, the references to them in the table of contents being in capitals, and the text being printed in a larger letter than the rest. In all cases they have been either transcribed or corrected by the editor himself from the most authentic copies to which he had access; and in cases where there was no copy of conclusive or superior authority, the best have been collated. The references in the foot-notes always indicate the particular copies from which they have been transcribed, or by which they have been corrected; nor has any alteration been consciously introduced without notice, except in spelling or punctuation. Questions of doubtful date have been carefully considered, and in many cases settled. In cases of doubtful authorship the evidence has been set forth at large.

With regard to the amount of new matter contained in these volumes, it may be roughly stated that of the 766 pages of which they consist, Bacon's own writings cover rather more than half; and that of these nearly a quarter may be regarded as new— either as never having been printed before, or as not having been recognised before as his, or as not having been included before in any edition of his works. The other half, consisting of the editor's Commentary, is all new; and though designed throughout as an introduction to the works themselves, which are the proper subject and business of the book, it is written to be read consecutively along with them; and, so read, will be found to contain not only a complete biography of the man, so far as it goes, but in some places a history of the time seen from a new point of view.

Owing to the variety of matters treated of, and the promiscuous treatment which could not be avoided in following a chronological order, a copious index has been given at the end of each volume, as well as a full and particular table of contents at the beginning.

For the convenience of purchasers, two diffe

rent bindings have been provided; and those who apply for "Lord Bacon's Letters and Life, edited by Mr. Spedding," will receive them bound as vols. I. and II., under that title: those who apply for the continuation of "Lord Bacon's Works, edited by Messrs. Ellis, Spedding, and Heath," will receive them as vols. VIII. and IX., with lettering, title-pages, &c., corresponding to the previous volumes; for it is to be observed, that though the rest of the edition was so arranged as to include the present work and to be completed by it, the work itself had been conceived, designed, and partly written, exactly in its present form, before any new edition of the entire works was thought of. It was meant originally to appear and stand by itself; and the only difference which will be caused by its appearance in connexion with the rest of Bacon's works is this':

for many new particulars and views relating to his philosophical and literary writings, which it might otherwise have been necessary to set forth at length, it will now be sufficient to refer to the previous volumes, where they have been introduced in their proper places.

The Life and Epistles of St. Paul: Comprising a complete Biography of the Apostle, and a Translation of his Epistles, inserted in Chronological Order. By the Rev. W. J. CONYBEARE, M.A., sometime Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and the Rev. J. S. Howson, D.D., Principal of the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool. People's Edition, condensed: the Text carefully revised, and given without retrenchment; the Annotations considerably abridged, and adapted to unlearned readers. Pp. 1,068, with 46 Illustrations and Maps. 2 vols. crown 8vo. price 128. cloth; or, 2 vols. in 1, price 20s. either in calf antique, or handsomely bound in tree-calf by Rivière.

[March 14, 1862.

LTHOUGH the death of one of the authors

Aof this book (the Rev. W. J. CONYBEARE, M.A.)

has thrown the sole responsibility of revision on the survivor (the Rev. Dr. HowSON), the plan of a "People's Edition" was contemplated by both writers from the time when the First Edition was published.

The original design of this work was to give a living picture of St. Paul himself, and of the circumstances by which he was surrounded. But in order to present such a picture, much more was necessary than a mere transcript of the Scriptural narrative, even where it is fullest. Hence views of places (both plates and woodcuts)