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were diligently collected from various sources, to illustrate the work; and, in addition to careful geographical descriptions, maps were given, exhibiting with as much accuracy as can at present be attained, the physical features of the countries visited by St. Paul, and some of the ancient routes through them; together with PLANS of the most important cities, and maritime CHARTS of the coasts and harbours, where they were needed. For the same reason, engravings of COINS were given where they seemed to throw light on the circumstances mentioned in the history, while other illustrations were taken from various sources. With regard to the Epistles, which are so essential a part of St. Paul's personal biography, the authors wished to represent faithfully in English what they were to their Greek readers when first written. They gave, therefore, a free translation, as there seemed to be no reason why a translation of St. Paul should be rendered inaccurate by a method which would generally be adopted in a translation of Thucydides. In this work, the translation of the Epistles and speeches of St. Paul was contributed by Mr. Conybeare,

the historical portion of the work principally, and the geographical portion entirely, by Dr. Howson.

This book, which has been received with remarkable favour, the survivor has gladly done his best to prepare for a wider circle of readers. But the execution of this plan involved peculiar difficulties. By giving the text of the work without the notes, many parts of the narrative would have been left destitute of important illustration, and many passages of the Epistles would have embarrassed rather than helped the mere English reader. But the retention of some notes involved the necessity of selection. The present Editor might have cut down his own notes to a narrow compass; but there yet remained the notes of the friend whom he could not consult; and to have omitted nearly all the former, while retaining all the latter, would have disturbed the whole symmetry of the book. And again, since in the former Editions the notes, so far as they were criticisms of passages in the New Testament, were based on the Greek text, exclusion or adaptation was in all such cases necessary for the English reader.

But criticisms of this kind

occurred most frequently in the notes on the Epistles, which were not translated by the present Editor. Under all these circumstances, general approbation will, it is hoped, be secured for the arrangement which has been adopted.

Those readers have throughout been kept in view who, though well educated, would not find it easy to refer to Greek or German books. Some few technical Greek terms are retained, with an occasional reference to classical authors; but on

the whole, there are few citations except from books which are easily within reach. The references to Scripture are frequent; but such references can scarcely be too frequent. While, however, it is presumed that the reader has before him the Authorised English Version, the notes may, it is hoped, continue useful to students of the Greek New Testament. Some criticisms must, however, be necessarily taken for granted; and in some such cases reference has been made to the two larger Editions. In Mr. Conybeare's part of the work no alteration whatever has been made, except as regards the verbal adjustments requisite for leaving out the Greek, and certain retrenchments in the Appendices, made in harmony with the general aim of this Edition.

It is possible that a greater symmetry might have been obtained by a more unscrupulous alteration of notes which were not written by the present Editor; this, however, for reasons already stated, he did not think it right to attempt. But while he feels the imperfection of his own work, this last revision has left in his mind a higher estimate than ever of the parts written by his fellow-labourer and friend.

*The Original Edition of this work, in quarto, with numerous Illustrations, was completed in 1852; the Second Edition, with fewer Illustrations, but after careful revision, appeared in 1856. In the People's Edition, which is uniform in size with the People's Edition of Lord MACAULAY'S Essays, and of the Rev. SYDNEY SMITH's Works, the Illustrations are somewhat fewer; the Text is unaltered, with the exception of slight verbal changes suggested in the course of a thorough re-perusal; and the Notes in the narrative portion are condensed, as indicated above. Thus each of the Three Editions has a character of its own.

Deaconesses: an Essay on the official Help of Women in Parochial Work and in Charitable Institutions. By the Rev. J. S. HOWSON, D.D., Principal of the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool. Reprinted, with large Additions, from the Quarterly Review, No. 216. Fep. 8vo.pp. 284, price 5s. cloth. [May 26, 1862. THE THE importance of the subject of the help of women in English parishes, and the very general attention with which Dr. Howson's article on that subject in the Quarterly Review was received, have induced the Author to consent to the present republication. The time seems now arrived for the full discussion of a question on which public feeling and opinion has been so far modified as to justify the inference that the English mind has become gradually familiarised with the operations of what may, without offence,

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be called the Female Diaconate. Such an agency would at once enable women to devote themselves to the nursing of the sick, to the systematic care of the young, to the rescue of the degraded, and to the details of parochial work, as the business of their lives; and these benefits may be secured without ensnaring vows, without any breach of domestic ties, and without even the affectation of what is foreign to the English people and the English Church. The difficulties in the way of this enterprise are not what they were. A vast amount of practical work has been recently done by women in ways hitherto unattempted. The devotion of Miss Nightingale has been followed by great results in reference to the care of the sick. Our Workhouses, which used to be viewed by Christian philanthropists with no little fear, have through the agency of religious women afforded invaluable opportunities for the diffusion of good; and the progress made in the work of the Biblewomen has proved not only that even among the poorest women most efficient agents may be found for the evangelisation of the lowest and the most degraded, but that this agency may be organised, under due superintendence, on the most extensive scale. The Deaconess-system is so far different from this, that it embraces the official agency of women of the higher ranks also, and that its proceedings are interwoven with the diocesan and parochial arrangements of the Church.

It has been the aim of the Author in this treatise to show not only that this system may provide employment for a very large number of women whose energies are now wasted, or for whose devotion there is no recognised channel, but how it has existed through long periods of Christian history, and why in the work of the Diaconate the mutual cooperation of men and women is indispensable. He has sought to prove that the accumulation of dense masses of the labouring population in our larger towns, together with the opportunities furnished by railways to classes of competent means for living in the country while yet not separated from the centre of their daily toil, has brought out into greater prominence than ever a want of which Southey complained thirty years ago, and the supplying of which he endeavoured earnestly to promote. With this purpose the Author has traced the history of the female Diaconate from the earliest times, maintaining that it rests on a Scriptural basis, and that it fell, not because of the decrees of Councils or the objections which might be urged against it, but rather because it was overwhelmed by or absorbed into the monastic and conventual system; and that, accordingly, the rejection of this system in the Reformed Churches of the Continent has been followed by a revival of the

agency of women in works of charity. Full accounts are given of the Deaconess-Institutions at Kaiserswerth and Strasburg, at Riehen near Basle, and at Saint Loup on the frontiers of the Jura; while the efforts made by English clergymen and laymen in this direction are also carefully noticed.

The English Deaconess should be something between the desultory Lady Visitor and the member of a strictly conventual Sisterhood; and the questions of living in community, &c. must be solved by gradual and cautious experiment. In Germany these institutions have been first founded, and have gradually ramified into parochial work; here, perhaps, we should rather look in parochial work for those elements which will gradually combine into a solid institution.

Besides the Preface, which contains some additional matter on controverted points, there are five Appendices, the first relating to Sunday Schools, the second to Parochial Work generally, the third to the Paris Deaconess-Institution, the fourth to the Deaconesses of the Primitive Church, and the last to Sisters of Mercy in the Modern Greek Church. Of these supplementary papers, the first, third, and fourth are reprinted from the Christian Observer.

A Latin-English Dictionary. By the Rev. JOHN T. WHITE, M.A. of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; and the [late] Rev. JOSEPH E. RIDDLE, M.A. of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. Imperial 8vo. pp. 2,128, price 42s. cloth. [April 15, 1862.

THE

HE character and distinctive features of this Dictionary will be best brought out by an account of the parts which the writers engaged on it have respectively borne in the work. Dr. Andrews's translation of Dr. Freund's Wörterbuch der Lateinischen Sprache (on which the present Dictionary is founded) was, in the first place, revised throughout by Dr Freund himself, who also corrected to a great extent the etymology previously given, and pointed out analogies between the Latin and Sanscrit languages, supplying also fresh materials which he had collected since the publication of his own book. The copy thus revised was submitted to the Rev. J. E. Riddle for comparison with the German original, and for such alterations or additions as might seem to him desirable. Into this ground-work for the Dictionary Mr. White then embodied that large mass of additional matter which is the chief cause of this work being nearly one-third larger than that on which it is based, adopting in this task the following method: the origin of cach word, if known, is placed in brackets [], after

the leading features in the inflection of such word: where there is a doubt, that doubt is stated, or a reference given, or conflicting views of etymologists are detailed, while in some few instances the etymology has been left, as others have left it, untouched. The connection of all fundamental words with the Sanscrit and Greek languages has been traced as far as possible; and the authority on which these statements rest has been cited invariably in each case. More particularly, in classifying the meaning of compound words, these meanings have been exhibited separately according to the respective power of each member, instead of massing them all together (as in dictionaries in general) in one long string of interpretations, which are at times wholly irreconcilable one with the other.

After the generally recognised or probable origin of a word, its literal meaning is commonly placed between parentheses (); and hence the fundamental idea involved in it is readily seen.

In arranging the several meanings, it has been assumed as a settled principle that, among several significations of a word, that which is obtained by its etymology may be taken as the original one. In Latin lexicons hitherto (chiefly because they confined themselves to what is called classical Latin) this rule has been neglected, and hence little attention has been paid to the oldest fragments of the Latin tongue, or the Latinity of Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, and Varro. The observance of this rule is attended by three advantages, (1) The history of many words has its carliest period removed backward, (2) and thus the primitive meaning of many words is for the first time seen; and (3) many peculiarities which are regarded as innovations on Virgil or Ovid are seen to be only borrowed from Ennius, Nævius, or Lucretius.

It has been also assumed that in the order of meanings, the proper meaning, as the original one, must precede the figurative as being derived. It has further been held necessary to bring subdivisions into the notion of the figurative; and for reasons, which are fully detailed in the preface, the proverbial use of words is arranged, not under the figurative, but under the literal sense. Again, in characterising the derived meanings, the auxiliary notions, which superinduced these significations on the original meanings, have been specified, because, without this, the changeful play of meanings back and forth must often escape notice.

The explanation of words found in Ecclesiastical writers and in the Vulgate forms a distinctive feature in this Dictionary. The study of Patristic Latin is now widely diffused; but very little assistance can be obtained in it from existing lexicons. Without asserting that everything is complete in

this department of the work, it may yet be affirmed that a very great deal has here been done.

But the most laborious part of the undertaking was the classification of the various quotations according to the principles of syntax. The immense importance of an arrangement which exhibits almost at a glance, not only the principal but also the secondary constructions of words, cannot be questioned; but the labour involved in the task was more than could be got through by one man, and several competent scholars were engaged to transcribe the whole of certain passages in which a word was employed. This plan brought to light the inaccuracy of certain renderings as given originally by Freund, and adopted from him by Andrews, while it supplied the means for verifying the quotations at large and correcting errors to a great extent.

It will thus be seen, from the principles on which this Dictionary has been constructed, that Dr. Freund's Dictionary has been so thoroughly rewritten and so enlarged, as to entitle this to the character of a new work.

An ABRIDGMENT of this Dictionary, for the use of SCHOOLS, is at the present time in course of preparation.

*Each copy of this Dictionary is provided with duplicate title pages for the purpose of binding it in two volumes, at the option of the pos sessor; but an inconvenient thickness in the single volume has been prevented by its being printed on a peculiar paper of slight substance, but unusual strength of texture, made expressly for the work.

Sunsets and Sunshine; or, Varied Aspects of Life. By ERSKINE NEALE, M.A., Vicar of Exning, and Chaplain to the Earl of Huntingdon; Author of "The Closing Scene," &c. Post 8vo. pp. 388, price 8s. 6d. cloth.

[May 8, 1862.

SUNSETS and SUNSHINE is in substance a collection of brief biographical historiettes, of which the main object is to narrate in detail the amount or degree of preparation made for the final conflict with Death by various celebrated charac ters; and at the same time to describe how certain eminent or notorious individuals, from whom a specific interval for preparation was inscrutably withheld, bore themselves at the approach of death, or in their last hour. Nobles, Statesmen, Prelates, Soldiers, Painters, Orators, Misers, appear in juxtaposition or in broad contrast throughout these pages; and from the career of each the author has attempted to draw a distinct moral lesson of warning or example. Not the least touching,

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THE subject of these Lectures is one which, every year, acquires a wider and deeper interest; and the author believes that the views which they advocate, and which are the result of many years' reflection and experience, express the convictions of multitudes who have exercised an unbiassed judgment on matters in which they are personally concerned. All who have watched the progress of the Church in England during the last half-century, will appreciate the mighty changes which have established as truths views formerly regarded with distrust, and have broken down prejudices and barriers once deemed insurmountable. But beyond all other signs, the awakening of the laity to their religious privileges and responsibilities affords the surest token of still further improvement in time to come; and the direction of their energy and zeal becomes therefore more and more a subject of paramount importance.

With a view to this, the author, after examin. ing the nature and office of the Church generally, and the position and distinctive features of the English Church, dwells on present hindrances and wants, and on the means by which they may be remedied and supplied. In considering the demand for increased spiritual agency, and the inadequate endowment of many of our most populous cures, he urges the responsibilities of property, and recommends the use of the offertory, and the more equitable assessment of benefices. The training of the clergy is considered at length in the Fifth Lecture, in which the system of the Universities is compared with that of Theological Colleges. Next in order comes the subject of National Education, as nected with our Parochial, Middle, and Public Schools, and the office and work of the Universities. In considering in the Seventh Lecture the subject of the fabrics and services of the Church, the author dwells upon the evils of appropriation as infringing on the common rights

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of worshippers, on the true principles of religious worship, and the extent to which Liturgical Revision may be admissible. On the future prospects of the Church the question of lay cooperation assumes a prominent bearing. The last Lecture therefore dwells on the importance of this in the work and councils of the Church, and on the duties which form more particularly the mission of women.

On Translating Homer; Last Words: a Lecture given at Oxford. By MATThew Arnold, M.A., Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford, and formerly Fellow of Oriel College. Post 8vo. pp. 76, price 3s. 6d. cloth. [March 20, 1862.

IN this supplementary Lecture Mr. ARNOLD

notices the principal objections made to the canons of criticism which, in his Three Lectures on Translating Homer, he endeavoured to establish.

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HIS volume has been published to demonstrate the logical sequence and mutual dependence of the several acts of the Executive Government, from the first Parliamentary Grant to promote public education, in 1833, to the period of the Report of the Royal Commission on Education in 1861. The work naturally opens with a chapter proving the necessity for the intervention of the Legislature, by the description of the condition of a great city immediately before the first act of interference by the Government to improve and extend elementary education, the Treasury grants of 1833. The moral and physical condition of the working-classes of Manchester in 1831-2 is described at the time of the first visitation of cholera. The steady growth of the municipal and social institutions of this city, and especially of the combined moral and religious agencies, and of the elementary schools, is traced by a minute analysis of the chief elements of progress in each of three decennial periods. An attempt is then made to discriminate the causes which still retard the growth of civilisation, maintain a high rate of mortality, and obstruct the natural consequences of great public spirit in the municipality and earnest exertions in the religious and civil associations of Manchester. The chapters which follow contain abundant proof that the idea which pervaded the first efforts of the Ministry of 1839, viz. that the youth of this country should be religiously

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brought up, and that the rights of conscience should be respected," was capable of multiform development. The two succeeding divisions of the volume exhibit two phases of the efforts to embody this idea in a system of national education. There is no inconsistency of principle in the suc cessive forms, which are described in these two periods. All contemplated a system of public education superintended by the Religious Communions. The second period comprises the origin of the Committee of Council on Education; the earliest efforts of that department to found a National Normal School on the basis of religious equality; the first steps in the em ployment of pupil teachers, and their subsequent training; and the foundation of the first Training College. The precedents on which that college was establihed, its organisation, discipline, and studies, and the story of its progress during four years, are treated in two chapters. The transition here will be found to be gradual and natural. It is the result of experience. The system grows into a new form as a germ expands into a plant, and a plant into a tree.

In the third period, the system thus evolved from the seeds sown, and seasoned by parlia mentary and public discussion, and by the experience acquired in the first steps taken in the introduction of pupil teachers in elementary schools, and into training colleges, is embodied in a Minute of the Committee of Council on Education, and becomes the basis of an extension of the administration of the Parliamentary Grant. In this division of the volume, the author explains those parts of the Minutes of 1846 which applied the administration of the public grant for edu cation to promote the apprenticeship of pupil teachers; the education of the Queen's scholars in Training Colleges; and the improvement of the position and prospects of the certificated teachers of elementary schools. The fourth period opens with the Report of the Royal Commission in 1861. The concluding chapters are devoted to a defence of these Minutes against the plans proposed by this Royal Commission, and the Minute of the 29th July, 1861, which are regarded as subversive of all the preceding administration of the Committee of Council on Education. The greater part of the volume consists of a republication of the Semi-official Papers, issued by direction of the Government at the great periods of public controversy, which have marked the successive steps of progress in the adminis trative development of a system of national education. These papers had at each period a circulation of from eight to ten thousand copies, and a desire has been expressed that they should be collected into one volume, as part of the story of this thirty years of progress.

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