and Africans, donkey-drivers and asses, the latter forming the least troublesome part of the convoy. From Kaole on the Eastern coast, opposite the Island of Zanzibar, the Author journeyed several hundred miles inland in a westerly direction, through regions which it was considered certain death for a European to enter, across the African Ghauts till he reached the Mountains of the Moon. Having crossed this range he discovered Lake Tanganyika, stretching from north to south above 500 miles long by nearly 100 miles broad, about 1,844 feet above the level of the sea, between the 3d and 8th parallels south of the Equator, and between the 29th and 31st meridians of East longitude. Before Captain Burton's return, and while he was lying ill at Kazeh, his companion visited the southern shores of Lake Nyanza, a still broader expanse of fresh water immediately south of the Equator, at the surprising height of 3,740 feet above the sea-level, under the 33d degree of East longitude. Both these immense sheets of deep fresh water, in the heart of these hitherto unexplored mountainous districts of the interior of Africa, the existence of which was scarcely suspected before Captain Burton's discovery of them, are studded with several large islands. Their waters abound in fish; the land, for hundreds of miles about their shores, already fertile in produce available for European consumption, would repay scientific cultivation a thousandfold.

The difficulties against which Captain Burton had to contend were most formidable. Their low rate of intelligence prevented him from obtaining any sound information from the natives, as they gave the most confused and contradictory accounts of places in their immediate neighbourhood. Added to their incapacity, their habitual falsity and cunning are serious obstacles. The most solemn oaths are with them empty words; they breathe an atmosphere of falsehood, manœuvre, and contrivance, wasting about the mere nothings of life-upon a pound of grain or a yard of cloth -ingenuity of iniquity enough to win and keep a crown. They are treacherous as false. With them the salt has no signification, and gratitude is unknown even by name. As might be supposed from such characteristics, the natives are incurably indolent. Some of the races of the interior, though superior in strength and intelligence, are seldom brought to the slave market, since they would rather die under the stick than level themselves with women by using a hoe. They are also cowardly. There was not a single member of Capt. Burton's caravan that did not attempt to desert during the journey. As with all savage races their passion for beads is extraordinary. There are 400 varieties, each with a different name. Some are called food finishers, because a man will part with his dinner to obtain them;

others town breakers, because the women will ruin their households for them. A large store of beads is the first necessity of the traveller, as the demand is unceasing. Many curious details of their mode of life, manners, and customs, &c. are furnished by the author. In some places it is customary to bury a chief sitting upright, and a male and female slave alive with him. They are described as very savage and uncivilised, and completely lacking the inventive faculty. Thus although they have some idea of tune, and are remarkably gifted with a sense of time, a thousand feet tapping the ground with perfect unanimity in some of their dances, yet their music is of the simplest and rudest kind. Such as it is they delight in it. The fisherman will accompany his paddle, the porter his trudge, the housewife her task of rubbing grain, with song; and for long hours at night the peasants will sit in a ring repeating with a zest that never flags, the same few notes and the same unmeaning line. The condition of the East African in the villages, the author considers to be by no means devoid of comfort. He asserts that in many respects he is better off than the Ryot of British India. Among the peculiarities of some of the tribes, is the total absence of family affection. Thus among the Wangamwezi, the husband returning from the coast with cloth refuses to give a shukkah to his wife, and the wife succeeding to an inheritance will leave her husband to starve. Each grows tobacco, having no hope of borrowing from the other. The Author remarks that he offers no apology for the length of his ethnographical descriptions, justly considering them the most valuable feature of his work. The country, he

observes, lacks historic interest; it has few traditions, no annals, and no ruins. It contains not a single useful or ornamental work—a canal or a dam is, and ever has been, beyond the narrow bounds of its civilisation. It wants even the scenes of barbaric pomp and savage grandeur with which the student of occidental Africa is familiar. But its ethnography has novelties-it exposes strange manners and customs; its Fetichism is in itself a wonder; its commerce deserves attention; and its social state is full of mournful interest. Many details of the geographical results of the expedition are also given, of great scientific interest.

The elaborately compiled MAP of the regions explored accompanying the paper forwarded by the Author to the Royal Geographical Society has, by permission, been copied for the present work; which is completed by an APPENDIX containing the official correspondence relating to the expedition, and a full alphabetical INDEX. A list of the ILLUSTRATIONS, all taken from the Author's original sketches, is subjoined.

Twelve Chromo-xylographs.

1. The Ivory Porter.

2. Zanzibar Town from the Sea.

3. A Town on the Mrima.

4. Explorers in East Africa.

5. The East African Ghauts.

6. View in Unyamwezi.

7. Navigation of the Tanganyika Lake.

8. View in Usagara.

9. Snay bin Amir's House.

10. Saydumi, a native of Uganda.

11. The Basin of Maroro.

12. The Basin of Kisanga.

Twenty-two Wood Engravings.

1. The Wazaramo Tribe.

2. Party of Wah'hutu Women.

3. Sycamore Tree in the Dhun Ugogi.

4. Maji ya W'heta, or the Jetting Fountain in K'hutu. 5. Ugogo.

6. Usagara Mountains, seen from Ugogo.

7. Ladies' Smoking Party.

8. African House Building.

9. Iwanza, or public-houses, with Looms to the left. 10. My Tembe near the Tangangika 11. Head Dresses of Wanyamwezi 12. African heads, and Ferry-boat.

13. Portraits of Muinyi Kidogo, the Kirangozi, the Mganga, &c.

14. Mgongo Thembo, or the Elephant's Back. 15. Jiwe la Mkoa, the Round Rock.

16. Rufita Pass in Usagara.

17. The Ivory Porter, the Cloth Porter, and Woman in Usagara

18. Gourd, Stool, Bellows, Guitar, and Drum.

India. When Sir H. Rose assumed the command of this column, and of the one then assembled at Sehore, the delirium of rebellion was at its height. Mutiny had destroyed the whole of the Bengal native army. Numbers of native princes, with their hordes of armed plunderers, had joined the common cause; and the immense tract of Central India, extending from the Nerbudda south to the Jumna north,— with its rivers and jungles, forts and mountain passes, -was their grand focus. The incidents of the campaign that ensued under Sir H. Rose and Sir C. Stuart, from the first suppression of the mutiny in Aurungabad to the reduction of Calpee and the recapture of Gwalior, are minutely and graphically described in the narrative from personal observation recorded day by day in a journal; including, amongst many other events, the Sieges of Dhar and Rahutgurh or Rhatghur, the Battles of Mundasoore, of Muddanpoore, of the Betwa, of Koonch, and of Golowlee, the relief of Mhow, Neemuch, and Saugor, the march to Gurrakotta and capture of its fort, the defeat of the Rajah of Shahghur, and the series of operations by which, after four days' hard fighting, Jhansi was invested and its Ranee or native princess, who by her flagitious cruelties to the Europeans had covered herself with infamy, was put to flight with the loss estimated by the author at 3,000 of her defenders. When the enormous extent of country which had to be traversed, the small forces at the generals' disposal, and the tremendous odds in a military point of view against them, are taken into consideration, it will be allowed that this decisive campaign ranks equally with the relief of Lucknow by Havelock, as one of the most brilliant ever achieved by British arms. If any voucher were required for the fidelity and accuracy of the present narrative, it would be afforded by the willing H. Rose, who has succeeded Lord Clyde as Comtestimony (acknowledged in the preface) of Sir mander-in-Chief of the British Forces in India; -and to whom, by permission, Dr. Lowe's volume is dedicated.

inhabit as they are, and not as they are usually represented; and the most cursory glance at his volumes is sufficient to show how steadily this point has been kept in view from the first page to the last. The subject of the work is the ethnography of the Red Indian tribes, treated with all the completeness that seven years' residence amongst them, and constant intercourse with them, have enabled the author to bestow upon the question. The work opens with some curious historical inductions respecting-1. "Ancient Emigrations," voyages, namely, to the New World, performed (the author believes) before its discovery by Columbus; 2. the cradle of the Peruvian and Mexican Empires; and 3. American Scandinavia. The origin of the native races is next considered, and, introductory to the main purpose of the work, a chain of facts adduced in confirmation of the Mosaic account of the Creation, refuting the theory of a plurality of the human species. The third part is occupied with descriptions, entirely from personal observation, of the tract of country Lounded on the north by the Valley of the Mississippi, south by Texas, to the west by the Pacific Ocean, and northward by the British Possessions. A full account is given of the natural history, geology, botany, and geography of this extensive regionthe GREAT DESERTS, in which the author passed seven years as apostolical missionary; and great interest is imparted to this division of the work by the philosophical reflections and poetical legends with which the descriptions are interspersed; nearly every chapter containing some native tradition either regarding a peculiarity of the country or a tale of personal prowess. The mirage, the author declares, is more singular in these wastes than in the East. The prairie dogs are the principal inhabitants of these inhospitable regions. They are small animals about the size of squirrels, and form large villages: one which the Abbé examined was twenty-five miles in length, and contained an area of about six hundred and

twenty-five square miles. The concluding chapters of the first volume include particulars of the antiquarian remains and inscriptions recently discovered in these regions, as well as an account of the graphic art of the Indians; followed by tables of statistics, pointing amongst other conclusions to the causes of the decrease of the Indian population; and the fullest list hitherto compiled of the names of the various tribes. His wanderings having led him to the Salt Lake, the Abbé gives a long account of the doings of the Mormons, and a sketch of their early history. He describes the country as magnificent, and the people on the whole as orderly and industrious. Although the Indians have many customs common among the Eastern nations, they

have also peculiar dogmas of their own; which show that whatever region their ancestors may have belonged to, time has wrought such material changes in their manners as to render them practically a distinct race. In his account of the Canadas and the Lake regions the Abbé animadverts in strong terms on the policy of Louis XV. in ceding this fine territory to the British, and on the conduct of Napoleon in selling the wide and rich state of Illinois to the United States. The simple inhabitants, who had been living contentedly in their own primitive way, little heeding how the rest of the world went, and little troubled by religious or legal forms, were amazed when they had freedom and constitutional rights forced upon them by their new rulers.

Having thus conducted his reader over the wild prairies and rugged mountains, the author proceeds to introduce him to the inhabitants; and in his second volume treats historically and descriptively of the Indians, as independent nations. A succinct account is first given of the several historical traditions respecting their origin preserved in each tribe. Next follows a description of the Indian character, illustrated by numerous anecdotes, and followed by a disquisition on the Indian languages. This part of the work is enlivened with the author's personal adventures, the legends and discoveries of the Indians, specimens of their poetical compositions, fables, satires, and songs, which disclose mental faculties much more highly cultivated than savages are believed in general to possess. The author adds to the completeness of this part of his work by a sample vocabulary of thirty Indian languages. A division is next assigned to the games, dances, and festivals of the Indians; their commerce and factories, their weapons and ornaments; all implying a degree of civilisation and an organised industry incompatible with barbarism. An account of the Indian customs follows in five chapters, including, amongst many other singular traits of barbarian enlightenment, the curious process of flattening the infants' heads soon after birth-schools, apprenticeships, marriage rites and observances, cooking and repasts, migration of tribes, warfare, the treatment of prisoners, funeral canoes, solemnities, and sacrifices. The concluding division of the work is devoted to the religion of the Indians, their religious systems and traditions, their mys tical and idolatrous worship. A copious chapter is added on the civilisation and probable future destiny of the Red Indian tribes.

It seems desirable to add that this work is not a translation, but is printed from English manuscript supplied by the Author to the publishers. The volumes are illustrated by a coloured MAP shewing the actual situation of the Indian Tribes