plicitly on the authorised version, the imperfection of which has been long acknowledged by Biblical scholars, both within the Established Church and beyond its pale. A revision of this version, by public authority, has been earnestly desired; but, while this version is confessedly based on a text in which modern criticism finds much that is faulty, and while it is admitted that its renderings are often inaccurate and even unintelligible, such a revision appears at the present moment as remote as ever. It is natural, therefore, that they who reverence the Scriptures, and regret the misconceptions to which they are exposed by the inaccurate form under which they are presented to the English reader, should endeavour by their individual labours to supply a want so generally felt.

The Authors of this Revised Translation of the Old Testament have corrected the Hebrew text, where the labours of Kennicott and his successors have shown it to be inaccurate. In respect to the revision of the translation, while they have endeavoured everywhere to present a faithful and intelligible rendering, they have adhered as closely as possible to the style and idiom of the authorised version, which two centuries and a half have rendered sacred to the religious mind of England.

The mode of printing the Scriptures, broken into chapters and verses, often obscures their meaning and connexion. The beauty and harmony of the poetic portions of the Old Testament are also greatly impaired by their being printed as prose. In the present work the narrative matter is distributed into paragraphs, according to the connexion, and in the poetical books the arrangement in parallel versicles is preserved, which is an essential character of Hebrew poetry.

Christianity and its Evidences; an Essay, with an Epistle of Dedication to his former Congregation. By JOHN MACNAUGHT, M.A. Oxon. formerly Incumbent of St. Chrysostom's Church, Everton, Liverpool. Fcp. 8vo. pp. 202, price 3s. cloth. [Jan. 14, 1863. THIS volume consists of four parts, of which the

first is a letter relative to the motives that prompted Mr. Macnaught's resignation of the living he had held for several years. In the first part is also contained an explanation of the general circumstances under which the writer has been led back, in the providence of God, to a simple re-acceptance of Christ's religion, and to a desire to resume the functions of the sacred ministry in the Church of England. After stating how this wish has been encouraged by the clergy in general, and by the Bishop of London

in particular, the introductory epistle ends, and with it all matters at all personal to the writer are brought to a close on page xvii.

The remainder of the volume is occupied with two chapters, which treat of the Evidences of Christianity, and a third chapter, in which is set forth a brief scriptural epitome of several characteristic doctrines of the Gospel.

On the subject of Christian Evidences, the first chapter enumerates some of the ethical beauties by which the New Testament is distinguished from even the highest and best of other systems of morality; and the author points out how inextricably these evangelical ethics are intermingled with the history and doctrines of Christ. Thence arise certain inferences which prepare the way for an examination, in Chapter II., of the historical testimonies, as studied with the aid of concessions made by sceptics like Gibbon, Hume, and Strauss. Then follow a few pages relative to the New Testament Canon; and the chapter conIcludes with a brief reference to certain other arguments in support of Christianity which may be derived from prophecy, from the rites of the religion, and from experience or observation of its practical utility.

Chapter III. contains a summary of what appear to be scriptural teachings in connexion with atonement, inspiration, and some other most important doctrines of the Church.

Hymnologia Christiana; or, Psalms and Hymns selected and arranged in the order of the Christian Seasons. By BENJAMIN HALL KENNEDY, D.D., Head Master of Shrewsbury School, and Prebendary of Lichfield. Crown 8vo. pp. 424, price 7s. 6d. cloth. [February 11, 1863.

THE permanent influence of hymns in promot

ing religious feeling surpasses that of sermons. An able sermon, when preached, may powerfully awaken or instruct, convince or edify: when published, it may affect its readers in like manner: but all experience shows, that even the best sermons, be they ever so popular for a while, gradually lose their readers, and sink to slumber on the shelf, to be disturbed only by a few students of rare diligence. A good hymn, on the other hand, lives in the household books and memories of the peo

ple: it passes from mouth to mouth, it echoes from soul to soul, it leaves its sting, as was said of the ancient orator, in the public heart and conscience.

If hymns have this power and influence, it surely follows that their use cannot be too zealously promoted, nor too much care taken to guard against their abuse. A good hymn should

be cordially recognised, approved, and received; a bad one faithfully censured, reproved, and rejected.

On doctrinal grounds, however, a hymn may be very differently estimated by persons of equal poetic taste. And every collection runs the risk of being disapproved by some on account of certain hymns which may not exactly square with their views of doctrine. The present volume cannot expect to be free from this danger. But, though it has doctrinal limits, it is conceived and executed in no narrow spirit; and it appeals to large-minded Christians, who can cheerfully accept a great and general consent without exacting literal agreement with themselves in every minor particular.

The Psalms are chiefly extracted from the Oxford (Parker), Cambridge (Deighton and Bell), and Cleveland Psalters. But they include also many of the best passages found in the two authorised Versions, and a few by other translators.

Of the Hymns, about a hundred, more or less, are translated from Latin originals of the Early and Mediæval Church nearly the same number from the Christian poets of Germany: the remainder are by various authors, of the English Church and other religious societies.

The Psalms and Hymns are arranged, according to their subjects, under the several seasons of the Christian year, regard being had not only to general topics, but also to the Epistles, Gospels, Collects, and sometimes to the lessons of the Church. But, as most hymns are applicable to more than one season, and many to all seasons, the reader will discover at a glance all those which are suitable to each occasion by referring to an Index of subjects which is subjoined to the Preface.

The license assumed by most hymnological editors, of adapting the original composition to the purpose of the work, has been used as sparingly as possible. Although this license is condemned by some writers of authority, yet a distinction may fairly be drawn in this matter. If the book in which the piece is incorporated have for its professed design to exhibit the thoughts and utterances of certain authors, then assuredly no liberties ought to be taken with the text. But if the end and object of the book be the edification and advantage of those who use it, as in the present case, the Editor must look at every composition from this point of view; and he will often have no choice before him but that of either altering or rejecting altogether. Abbreviation has also been necessary in some instances: for it must be carefully borne in mind that every psalm and hymn in the volume has been chosen as proper to be sung either in the congregation, or in the family, or by the individual Christian.

Heat considered as a Mode of Motion; a Course of Twelve Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in the Season of 1862. By JOHN TYNDALL, F.R.S. &c. Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution. Pp. 488; with a Plate and 100 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. price 12s. 6d. cloth. [March 4, 1863.

IN the present course of Lectures the Author has endeavoured to bring the rudiments of a new philosophy within the reach of every person of ordinary intelligence and culture. The first seven Lectures of the course deal with thermometric heat; its generation and consumption in mechanical processes; the determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat; the conception of heat as molecular motion; the application of this conception to the solid, liquid, and gaseous forms of matter; to expansion and combustion; to specific and latent heat; and to calorific conduction. The remaining five Lectures treat of radiant heat; the interstellar medium, and the propagation of motion through this medium; the relations of radiant heat to ordinary matter in its several states of aggregation; terrestrial, lunar, and solar radiation; the constitution of the sun; the possible sources of his energy; the relation of this energy to terrestrial forces, and to vegetable and animal life.

The philosophy of Heat has been called a new philosophy, without, however, restricting the term to the subject of Heat. The fact is, it cannot be so restricted; for the connexion of this agent with the general energies of the universe is such, that if we master it perfectly, we master all. In a Lecture on the Influence of the History of Science on Intellectual Education,' delivered at the Royal Institution, Dr. Whewell has shown 'that every advance in intellectual education has been the effect of some considerable scientific discovery, or group of discoveries.' If the associa tion here indicated be invariable, then, assuredly, the views of the connexion and interaction of natural forces-organic as well as inorganic-vital as well as physical-which have grown, and which are to grow, out of the investigation of the laws and relations of Heat, will profoundly affect the intellectual discipline of the coming age.

In the study of nature two elements come into play, which belong respectively to the world of sense and to the world of thought. We observe a fact and seek to refer it to its laws,-we apprehend the law, and seek to make it good in fact. The one is Theory, the other is Experiment; which, when applied to the ordinary purposes of life, becomes Practical Science. Nothing could illustrate more forcibly the wholesome interaction

of these two elements, than the history of our present subject. If the steam-engine had not been invented, we should assuredly stand below the theoretic level which we now occupy. The achievements of Heat through the steam-engine have forced, with augmented emphasis, the question upon thinking minds-What is this agent, by means of which we can supersede the force of winds and rivers-of horses and of men? Heat can produce mechanical force, and mechanical force can produce Heat; some common quality must therefore unite this agent and the ordinary forms of mechanical power.' relationship established, the generalising intellect could pass at once to the other energies of the universe, and it now perceives the principle which unites them all. Thus the triumphs of practical skill have promoted the development of philosophy. Thus, by the interaction of thought and fact, of truth conceived and truth executed, we have made our Science what it is,-the noblest growth of modern times, though as yet but partially appealed to as a source of individual and national might.

This

The New Defence of the Faith.

The Morality of Religious Controversy.
Pulpit Fortune-tellers.
Preaching and Preachers.

The Book of Common Prayer.
Evangelicalism.

Several of these Essays have already appeared as Review Articles, and they are almost sufficiently described by their titles. The third is intended to indicate the practical value of PLATO's Republic. The fourth is an attempt to determine the department of literature to which the book of Ecclesiastes should properly be assigned. The seventh exhibits the absurd and mischievous results of the method of interpretation adopted by that school of the prophets to which Dr. CUMMING belongs. The tenth is an exposition of what the Author believes 'evangelicalism' to be, as contrasted with 'orthodoxy' and the broader Christian creed. It is intended to show that 'evangelicalism' is not orthodox.

A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of other Sciences (founded on that of the late Dr. URE). BY HENRY WATTS, B.A., F.C.S., Editor of The Journal of the Chemical Society': Assisted by Eminent Contributors. PART I. 8vo. pp. 192, price 5s. sewed. To be continued monthly, and completed in 16 Parts, price 5s. each, forming 3 Volumes. [February 28, 1863. THIS work was originally intended as a New Edition of URE's Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy; but the great changes made in chemical science since the publication of the last edition of that Dictionary (1831)-changes, not merely consisting in the addition of new discoveries, but involving a complete revolution in the mode of viewing and expressing chemical reactions -have rendered it almost impossible to adapt any matter written so long ago to the existing requirements of the science. The present must therefore be regarded as essentially a new work, in which only a few articles of URE's Dictionary are retained, chiefly of a descriptive character. In compiling it, the Editor has freely availed himself of the stores of information in GMELIN'S 'Handbook,' GERHARDT'S 'Chimie Organique,' ROSE's Traité d'Analyse Chimique, DANA's 'Mineralogy,' RAMMELSBERG'S Mineralchemie,' the Handwörterbuch der Chemie,' &c., and has endeavoured, by careful consultation of original memoirs, to bring the treatment of each subject down to the present time. He has also been fortunate in obtaining the co-operation of seve ral chemists of recognised ability and eminence, who have kindly contributed articles on subjects to which they have paid special attention.

The work is essentially a Dictionary of Scientific Chemistry, and is intended as a Companion to the New Edition of URE's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. For the details of manufacturing operations, therefore, reference is for the most part made to the work just mentioned; but the principles on which such processes are conducted, and the chemical changes which they involve, are explained in this Dictionary Particular as fully as its limits will allow. attention has also been given to the description of processes of analysis, both qualitative and quantitative.

In order that the work may, as far as possible, truly represent the present state of scientific chemistry, it has been found absolutely necessary to make the modern or unitary' scale of atomic weights the basis of the system of notation and mode of exposition adopted. Especial care has, however, been taken that the treatment of all Articles which are likely to be consulted, for the

C

sake of practical information, by manufacturers or others not exclusively occupied in chemical pursuits, shall be such as to make them readily intelligible to all who possess a general knowledge of chemistry, though they may not have followed closely the recent developments of the theoretical parts of the science. Hence, in all such Articles (ACETIC ACID, ANTIMONY, COPPER, &c.) the formulæ are given according to the old notation as well as according to that adopted in the rest of the work.

List of Contributors.

EDMUND ATKINSON, Ph.D. F.C.S.

Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military College,
Sandhurst.

FRANCIS T. CONINGTON, M.A. F.C.S.

Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and late Examiner in Natural Science in that University; Author of a Handbook of Chemical Analysis.'

WILLIAM DITTMAR, Esq.

Principal Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory of the
University of Edinburgh.

GEORGE C. FOSTER, B.A. F.C.S.

Lecturer on Natural Philosophy at the Andersonian University, Glasgow.

EDWARD FRANKLAND, Ph.D. F.R.S.

Foreign Secretary of the Chemical Society, and Professor of
Chemistry at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.

FREDERICK GUTHRIE, Ph.D. F.C.S.

Professor of Chemistry at the Royal College, Mauritius. A. W. HOFMANN, LL.D. F.R.S. Pres.C.S.

Professor of Chemistry at the Government School of Mines. WILLIAM S. JEVONS, M.A.

(lately) Gold Assayer to the Sydney Royal Mint.

CHARLES E. LONG, Esq., F.C.S. (the late)

Analytical Chemist.

WILLIAM ODLING, M.B. F.R.S.

rious cases in which that term has been applied, and contains a brief discussion of Personal Identity. The two letters which follow on Causation are principally engaged in maintaining, (1) that in many cases we directly perceive causes producing effects as such, and that this is an ultimate fact; (2) that in other cases we infer a causal connexion which we cannot perceive, but that our inferences in this way are limited by our direct perceptions. The fifth letter, which treats of Evidence, shows, amongst other things, that facts directly known cannot be the subject of evidence, and points out the identity of adducing evidence with the process of reasoning, applying these views to the perception of an external world. The Laws of Nature form the topic of the sixth letter, one principal object of which is to insist on the essential distinction between laws of nature and laws in the sense of precepts; and also (against Mr. Buckle) on that between statistical results and causal laws. The six letters on Language contain a variety of disquisitions which can be here only glanced at. They embrace the function of words taken singly; how this function is affected by their derivation; the alleged intrinsic meaning of words; the doctrines of Horne Tooke, especially in their bearings on psychology; the extraordinary powers ascribed to words in their individual capacity by Dr. Trench and Mr. Hare; and how words are affected in their signification when they are combined in sentences. Lastly, the Author contends (against Mr. Max Müller) that the science c language is not a physical science. The last four letters are devoted to Moral Sentiments, and especially to their origin in certain plain facts of the human constitution. In tracing the development of these sentiments, the Author endeavours to exhibit how they diverge from their proper course, and how they become so extremely different in different ages and nations; finally, he applies his views to the elucidation of the questions which have arisen concerning the Criterion of Moral Actions, the existence of a Moral Sense, and some others of a kindred character.

held essential that the thought should involve some stinging personal satire, humour, or wit, so brought out as to create surprise or pleasure in the mind of the reader.

This idea of the epigram has been derived from the Roman poets. In Greece, the land of its birth, it had a much wider meaning, and was applied to all monumental inscriptions whatsoever. The necessities of the material on which they were carved insured their brevity: the desire to catch the eye and arrest attention made the Greeks aim at simplicity and point in their construction. Hence their epigrams have an historical value which it is impossible to rate too highly and at one time, indeed, it may be said that these epigrams were the only historical records in existence. In such inscriptions each great event found its memorial, and two or three couplets contained often the history of an age.

:

It has been the object of the Editor of the present work to bring together a selection of those wise and witty saws which have come down to us from remote ages; and, placing them side by side with the ingenious creations of all subsequent periods, down to our own, to furnish the reader with an amusing, instructive, and gossiping handbook. The book contains many epigrams which are found in the Greek Anthology and in Latin authors, ancient and modern. It also embraces most of those which have been written by our own eminent poets, together with English versions of epigrams by German, French, Spanish, and Italian authors. The reader will also find a few epigrams which are not to be met with in any printed book or miscellany.

The Cassiterides: An Inquiry into the Commercial Operations of the Phoenicians in Western Europe, with particular reference to the British Tin Trade. By GEORGE SMITH, LL.D., F.A.S., Member of the Royal Asiatic Society, of the Royal Society of Literature, &c. &c. Crown 8vo. pp. 158, price 38. cloth. [February 2, 1863.

THE

HE object of the present work is to place before the reader, in a condensed form, the evidence which is supposed to prove the early and extensive navigation and commercial operations of the Phoenicians in Western Europe, and to establish the fact of their having traded directly with Britain for the purchase of tin. Several eminent writers having recently expressed doubts as to the reality of this early Phoenician intercourse with Britain, their allegations and arguments are here carefully examined; the rise, progress, and extent of Phoenician navigation, colonisation, and commerce are briefly described;

and the testimony of ancient authors respecting the intercourse of Sidon and Tyre with Britain for commercial purposes is succinctly set forth. The work is intended as a handbook of Phoenician commerce with Western Europe in general, and with Britain in particular.

Lower Brittany and the Bible there; its Priests and People: with Notes on Religious and Civil Liberty in France. By JAMES BROMFIELD, Author of Brittany and the Bible,' &c. Post 8vo., pp. 326, price 9s. cloth. [January 6, 1863.

THE Author of this work enjoyed unusual facilities for investigating the subjects mentioned in his title, having resided ten years in Lower Brittany, during most of which period he was intimately connected with the work of evangelisation in progress in that part of France. While resident there he also founded the Protestant Society now existing in Brittany, and was for some time one of the editors of the Bulletin Evangélique. His book contains full particulars of the various Protestant centres in Lower Brittany, some of which are chiefly supported by British societies; and shows grounds for the belief that the promotion of evangelical religion prospers and advances, notwithstanding the counteracting efforts of the Romish system and the Romish priesthood. In the latter part of his work the Author relates numerous infractions of the religious liberty of Protestants which came under his own observation in France; deprecates the system of political coercion usually prevalent, more particularly the servility to spiritual and political tyranny of men of rank and influence, the abject state of the public press, and some other social evils, traceable to the despotic control exercised by the The volume conpresent French Government.

cludes with a few observations on the policy of NAPOLEON the THIRD; it being the writer's opinion that, however open to censure his arbitrary rule in France may be regarded, the Emperor is a firm and loyal ally of England.

Lawrence Struilby; or, Observations and Experiences during Twenty-five Years of Bush Life in Australia. Edited by the Rev. JOHN GRAHAM. Fcp. 8vo. pp. 308, price 3s. 6d. cloth. [January 15, 1863. HIS is not a tale or a novel, but the autobiographical narrative of an intelligent and adventurous emigrant from Ulster to Australia. He had his character to form, and his fortune to make, when leaving home, and the book gives a true and graphic delineation of the process by

THIS