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some insight into the feelings and the thoughts "of two illustrious characters in our history, I passed through my martyrdom.” (Eliot, Hampden, and Pym, 1832, p. 9.)

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From this the reader of the present volumes may probably infer that the martyrdom of their writer has been somewhat more severe, when I inform him that they include, either textually or in substance, the entire contents of that book of manuscripts of which the very imperfect mastery of less than a tenth part so severely taxed the patience and sight of an experienced historical enquirer; that, in aid of their subject, the contents of seven other volumes of equal bulk have been deciphered, sifted, and used; and, finally, that from three additional packets of detached papers, the majority in rough draft, too often almost illegible, some in pencil nearly faded, and all apparently untouched since Sir John Eliot's death, some of the most important discoveries in this biography have been made.

Such are my obligations, for which it would indeed be difficult to find fitting language of acknowledgment, to the Earl of St. Germans, who also entrusted to me, for the purpose of being engraved, two original paintings of his ancestor at Port Eliot, one of them of surpassing interest.

The state papers, and some manuscript collections of my own, have furnished to this work the rest of its materials. From the Record Office I have been able to illustrate, by a very large number of letters till now unpublished, the early connection of Eliot with state employments; the attempts, after his conduct in the second parliament, to deprive him of his vice-admiralty, and, by means of hired agents of the King and the Duke of Buckingham, to effect the ruin of his fortunes; and the proceedings against him in the courts, after the dissolution of the third parliament. In all the instances where I have resorted to these invaluable documents of the period, rendered lately so accessible by the perfect arrangements of the Master of the Rolls, and the admirable calendars of Mr. Bruce, every quotation has been taken from the originals.

A more careful and minute examination of the contemporary and other printed records having been rendered necessary by the new illustrations thus obtained, this biography of Eliot will probably be found to present a picture of the opening of the struggle against the government of Charles the First, in many respects more detailed and accurate than has yet been afforded. Not merely was its later interest so absorbing, and

the issues involved so momentous, but its actors claimed necessarily so large a space from the historians, that they had some excuse for less carefully attending to those earlier leaders of the con

flict who were its first inspiring minds. A stronger circumstance in proof of this could hardly be named, than that no biography of Eliot existed in any form until I published a sketch of him in my Statesmen of the Commonwealth in 1834. Yet no one will ever fully understand what the rising against the Stuarts meant who is not thoroughly acquainted with its beginning; with the loyalty to the throne that then accompanied the resolve of its heroes to maintain the popular liberties; and with the reverent regard for law and precedent by which all its opening movements were so implicitly guided as to have left upon it to the very last a deep and ineffaceable impress. For these reasons it seemed especially desirable that a more exact account than elsewhere exists of what preceded and attended the enactment of the Petition of Right should be here supplied. It was necessary to the proper comprehension, as well of the new illustrations of that great third parliament afforded by the Port Eliot manuscripts, as of the memoir and notes on the parlia ments preceding it in which the patriot himself plays the part of historian.

For the personal characteristics of Sir John Eliot established by the papers thus given to the world, the biography will speak sufficiently. Few public men have suffered more from evil party speaking. The indignity the king would have offered to his body after death, royalist writers persisted in fixing on his memory. But the veneration and affection of his countrymen may be given now to an unsullied name. Few characters could have stood the test of the sudden masses of light here poured upon his; yet no blot appears, and no brightness fades. Under a pressure which even old friends and associates joined to make it painful to resist, he kept to the close his faith and constancy; he calmly underwent his martyrdom; the last utterances that escaped from his prison were the expression of his belief that upon the abandonment or maintenance of the privileges of her parliaments would turn the future misery or glory of England; and he deserved, if ever man did, that her constitutional historian should have singled him out and set him apart, as THE MOST

ILLUSTRIOUS CONFESSOR IN THE CAUSE OF LIBERTY WHOM THAT TIME PRODUCED.'

The Four Experiments in Church and State, and the Conflict of Churches. By Lord ROBERT MONTAGU, M.P. 8vo. pp. 450, price 12s. cloth. [January 23, 1864. THE THE marked differences of opinion which exist within the Church, and the controversies and litigations which have arisen out of them, have. shaken the minds of many warm adherents of our National Establishment. The differences which

separate the church parties are as great as those which have kept Churchmen and Dissenters assunder. Why, then, (it has been often asked,) should the Church of England be established in the land? Why should there be any connexion between the Church and the State? Why should not all religions be treated alike?

Yet, in former times, as great differences of opinion existed, among the learned at least, while the peace and unity of the Church were never disturbed, nor even endangered. How was this? What sort of connexion subsisted then between the Church and the State?

Thus the controversy concerning the connex. ion of the Church and State becomes invested with a terrible importance for all men. Yet this dispute has never been treated in a sufficiently methodical manner. Arguments of great force have undoubtedly been brought forward on either side, but the meaning of a connexion between Church and State has not been clearly defined. Neither has any classification of the different kinds of connexion ever been attempted.

The first point which has to be accurately determined is the meaning of the term National Church. Such a definition has to be established from authorities; and then the peculiar form of the National Church of England has to be investigated.

The Author maintains that only four forms of Church and State are possible. (1.) When the Church is identical with the State; i.e. when it is a National Church. (2.) When the Church is under the State. (3.) When the Church overrides the State. (4.) When there is no Church at all. Each of these forms has, for many hundred years, been tried in a different part of the globe. In England we have a National Church; the second form exists in Russia; there is an example of the third in Romanism; while America gives an instance of the fourth form.

The Author therefore narrates, at length, the history of each of these experiments. He then proceeds to draw his deductions from them.

The National is the only normal form of Church and State. In each of the other forms the Church and State are depraved.

The National form alone does not stand on dogma, and is independent of all variations in opinion within its bosom. While all the other forms of Churches profess merely to promulgate doctrines, and enforce the acceptance of them wherever they have the power.

A great portion of the work is necessarily devoted to discussion of the character of dissent in England and in Scotland, which the Author proves to be the same as Americanism.

The close connexion between this American form and Popery, is the subject of another portion of the volume.

The last chapter relates to the struggle which is being carried on between the Russian, Roman, and Protestant Churches in the East, in Poland, and in other parts of Europe. This conflict of religions is shown, by a reference to Parliamentary papers, to be the backbone' of diplomacy. Á portion of this chapter is devoted to the discussion of Jesuitism and Muridism; which are the active agents of two of the Church forms.

By

Public Schools for the Middle Classes. Earl FORTESCUE, Patron of the Devon County School. With an Appendix. 8vo. pp. 180, price 4s. 6d. [February 22, 1864.

this volume a brief account is given of the successful establishment of the Devon County School, and occasion is taken to bring before the general public the views on Education which led to that institution, and further proposals of establishing County Colleges and a County University are put forward. The noble Author considers that the question of Middle-Class Education cannot be solved by merely extending to that class the operation of the Universities from above, or of the Government Education from below; but that they require a distinct intermediate system, analogous however to the Public School and College course of the upper classes, rather than to the system maintained by the Privy Council. He points out advantages which a county system would offer, and its special attractiveness to the farmers. Lord FORTESCUE dwells very seriously on the importance of providing a supply of improved masters from the Middle Classes, and points out how this would be effected by the establishment of County Colleges and a County University. He also seeks to show the political necessity of improved public education for the Middle Class, through whom most of the local administration has hitherto been conducted; and points out how the evils of centralisation are aggravated, and its growth necessitated by the ignorance and incompetence resulting from the want of public schools for the education of this class. He particularly insists on the unsatisfactory and mischievous state of what is called Private Bill Legislation,' and thinks that this might eventually be remedied by a transfer of much of its business to County Representative Assemblies, as those members of such assemblies who might be elected by the rate-payers should become through education more thoroughly capable of executing the duties to be entrusted to them.

In the APPENDIX, some previous publications with reference to the Devon County School, by his Lordship and others, are reproduced.

New and completed Edition of Arnott's Physics.

Elements of Physics or Natural Philosophy written for General Use in Plain or Nontechnical Language. By NEIL ARNOTT, M.D, F.R.S. &c. Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, Member of the Senate of the University of London. Sixth Edition, thoroughly revised, and containing in the SECOND PART (to be published in October next, price 10s. 6d.) the new completing Chapters on Electricity and Astronomy, with an Outline of Popular Mathematics. PART I. 8vo. pp. 430, price 10s. 6d. cloth.

[February 13, 1864.

N the PREFACE the Author explains that after work, successive editions of the unfinished book were rapidly called for, but that after the fifth he would not print it again until he should be able to complete it to his satisfaction. In the meantime, besides his direct professional business, he could not avoid giving assistance in some parts of the public service where it was requested-as by the General Board of Health in regard to Sanitary affairs, and when the Government honoured him by appointing him Member of the Senate of the New University of London. Such engagements have delayed the completion of this work, until by withdrawing from professional labours, as now, he has full command of his time.

In the INTRODUCTION the Author says, in relation to the importance of Physics, In the course of the preceding disquisition, we have seen that Physics or Natural Philosophy, the subject of the present volume, is fundamental to the other parts of science, and is therefore that of which a certain amount of knowledge is indispensable in a sound education. Bacon truly calls it "the root of the sciences and arts." That its importance has not been marked by the place which it has held in common plans of education, is owing chiefly to the misconception that deep knowledge of technical mathematics, which only a few have leisure to acquire, was a necessary preliminary.'

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In relation to Mathematics he says, Now it is true that a certain amount of mathematical knowledge is necessary to the student, but it is equally true that the mathematical knowledge acquired by individuals generally, in the common experience of early years, is sufficient to enable students, with a little help, to comprehend the fundamental laws of nature; nearly as the knowledge of language obtained at the same time and in the same way is sufficient, without previous study of abstract grammar, to enable persons to understand conversation on all common subjects. Few persons in civilised society are so ignorant as not

to know that a square has four equal sides, and four equal corners or angles, that every point in the circumference of a circle is at the same distance from the centre, or who do not immediately discover whether a tree or pillar observed stands upright or leans, whether a table is level or inclined, whether two lines are parallel or not, and so forth. Now these are fundamental mathematical perceptions, and it will be shown in the Mathematical Appendix to this work, that such truths reach far in explaining the great phenomena of nature.'

In relation to the importance of Physics to Medical Practitioners, he says, 'And Physics is also an important foundation of the healing art. The medical man, indeed, is the engineer preeminently; for it is in the animal body that the highest perfection and the greatest variety of mechanism are found. Where, to illustrate Mechanics, is to be seen a system of levers and hinges, and moving parts, like the limbs of an animal body; where such an hydraulic apparatus, as in the heart and blood-vessels; such a pneumatic apparatus, as in the breathing chest; such acoustic instruments, as in the ear and larynx; such an optical instrument, as in the eye; in a word, such variety and perfection, as in the whole of the visible anatomy? All these structures, then, the medical man should understand, as a watchmaker knows the parts of a time-piece which he is entrusted to repair.'

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And in relation to the importance of Physics to persons generally, he says, The laws of Physics having an influence so extensive as appears from these paragraphs, it need not excite surprise that all classes of society are at last discovering the deep interest they have to understand them. The lawyer finds that in many of the causes tried in his courts, an appeal must be made to Physics,as in cases of disputed inventions; accidents in navigation, and travelling; disputes respecting steam-engines, and machines generally; questions arising out of the agency of winds, rains, water. currents, &c.: the statesman in Parliament is constantly listening to discussions respecting bridges, roads, canals, docks, telegraphs, and the mechanical industry of the nation: the clergyman finds everywhere among the facts of nature, the most intelligible and striking proofs of God's wisdom and goodness; the sailor in his ship has to deal with one of the most admirable machines in existence : and soldiers, while studying how to defend their country, find its safety and its rank among the nations to depend greatly on the perfection to which their knowledge of Physics has brought their rifled artillery (as made by Armstrong, Whitworth, and others), their iron-clad ships, and other parts of their military engineering: the landowner, in making improvements on his estates,

building, draining, irrigating, road-making, &c.: the farmer, equally in these particulars, and in all the machinery of agriculture: the manufacturer, of course, to the widest extent: the merchant who has to purchase, and distribute over the world the products of manufacturing industry

all these are interested in Physics; and even the man of letters, that he may not, in drawing illustrations from the material world, repeat the scientific heresies and absurdities which have heretofore prevailed, and which, by shocking the now better informed public, would lower the estimation in which literature would be held: and, lastly, parents of either sex, whose conversation and example have such powerful effect on the character of their children, quickly rising to be their successors;-all should have knowledge of Physics, as one important part of their educational acquirements.'

The Story of the Guns. By Sir JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, K.C.S. LL.D. F.R.S. &c. Pp. 386; with 33 Engravings on Wood. Post 8vo. price 7s. 6d. cloth.

[January 16, 1864.

ONE of the questions of the day which has

excited the largest share of interest and anxiety, is, without doubt, the contest so long in progress between the great engineers who have been eagerly competing for the honour of providing rifled arms and artillery for the naval and military service of the country. But however intense the curiosity felt on reading the reports in the daily press, of the performance of the Whitworth gun to-day, followed by that of the Armstrong cannon to-morrow, the ordinary reader is discouraged, by having no connected narrative of what went before, in order to elucidate what is passing now, and enable him to form a conjecture of what is still in prospect. The only records that exist are to be found in newspapers and periodicals, in pamphlets of transient notoriety, and in Blue-books laid before Parliament, which attract even a less transitory notice.

The work of Sir J. EMERSON TENNENT tells the story from its commencement to the present time, describing the condition of things as regards both small arms and artillery which rendered improvement indispensable, and the measures taken to attain it. It gives an account of the champions who essayed a passage-at-arms in this scientific tournament, and relates the disappearance one by one of the various aspirants who first entered the lists, down to the pending struggle of the two conspicuous knights who still hold and contest the

field.

As improvement began with the musket, the Author explains the steps by which Mr. Whit

worth, when called in by the Secretary at War to assist the Government, succeeded in producing a rifle for infantry and for sportsmen such as has never been equalled. The construction of this rifle, and the principles on which its excellence is dependent, are explained in terms so simple and clear as to be intelligible to any reader, however unacquainted he may previously have been with the subject.

This great object being achieved so far as concerned small arms, Mr. Whitworth was requested by the Government to extend a similar improvement to rifled artillery; and here he had to encounter a distinguished and most successful competitor in Sir William Armstrong. Sir J. Emerson Tennent has recounted the discoveries and inventions of Sir William in various departments of mechanical science, and he has given the amplest details and description of the Armstrong gun.

Then follows a relation of the events which have marked the various stages in the rivalry between the two great artillerists, Sir William and Mr. Whitworth, with clear descriptions of the system of rifling adopted by the latter. Every step in the progress of this national competition is exhibited with minuteness, from the early defiance which iron plate offered to artillery, to the ultimate victory of the gun, first by sending solid shot through the armour-plate of ships of war, and eventually by piercing it with explosive

shell.

Without assuming to decide which of the two rival guns is the superior, the Author brings the story of their struggle down to the present moment, when a series of trials is about to commence, which must decide their respective claims, on all the various grounds of capacity, range, accuracy, facility, and endurance.

Homes without Hands: being an Account of the Habitations constructed by various Animals, classed according to their Principles of Construction. By the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A. F.L.S. Author of 'The Illustrated Natural History,' &c. With very numerous Illustrations engraved on Wood by G. Pearson, from Original Drawings made by F. W. Keyl and E. A. Smith under the Author's superintendence expressly for this work. PARTS I. II. and III. 8vo. pp. 32 each, with Frontispieces and several Illustrations in the Text, price 1s. each Part, sewed. [Jan. 1, Feb. 1 and 29, 1864. THIS work, which is in course of publication monthly, and will be completed in Twenty Parts, begins with the BURROWERS, of which the following examples are illustrated :

Burrowing Mammalia:

Mole, Fox, Prairie Dog, Rabbit, Chipping Squirrel, Polar Bear, Pichiciago, Armadillo, Aard Vark, Mallangong, Gopher.

Burrowing Birds :

Sand Martin, Kingfisher, Puffin, Toucan, Woodpecker.

Burrowing Crustacea:

Land Crab, Robber Crab.

Burrowing Molluscs:

Solen, Pholas, Shipworm.

Burrowing Spiders and Insects: Trapdoor Spider, Wasp, Ant Lion. Burrower Eees of various kinds; Burrower Beetles of various kinds; and many others.

The PENSILE NESTS will come next in order; and these will be followed by the SOCIAL, the ERECTED, the TERRESTRIAL, the AERIAL (or BRANCH) NESTS, the SUBAQUATIC, and the MisCELLANEOUS NESTS. The Buildings of the BEAVER will be figured from original drawings.

The whole of the ILLUSTRATIONS are being drawn expressly for this work, and will present characteristic episodes in the life of each ANIMAL. The subjects have all been suggested by the Author, and the Drawings are submitted to his inspection before they are engraved. Figures of all the most remarkable examples will be given; and in every instance the ARCHITECT will be drawn together with its HABITATION, and will in most cases be represented as engaged in some occupation which identifies its species and mode of workmanship.

A Guide to Geology. By JOHN PHILLIPS, M.A. LL.D. F.R.S. F.G.S. Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford. Fifth Edition; pp. 336, with 4 Plates and 53 Diagrams on Wood. Fcp. 8vo. price 4s. cloth.

THE

[January 1, 1864.

HE first edition of this work was published in 1834, and was readily accepted by teachers of science as a grammar of the elementary truths and theoretical results of geological research, so far as they had then been confirmed by observation. The volume has since been corrected from time to time, especially those parts of it which relate to the classification of strata, in accordance with the progress of discovery. In regard to the older rocks the conclusions of MURCHISON and SEDGWICK, and with reference to the more recent deposits those of Sir CHARLES LYELL, FORBES, PRESTWICH, and other eminent geologists, have been adopted and incorporated.

In the present much enlarged although cheaper edition, the Author has rearranged the whole in

distinct chapters, of which the first, on the Mass of the Globe, includes a concise account of the phases through which the Earth has probably passed before reaching its actual condition of land, sea, and atmosphere. The second explains the structure and arrangement of the Crust of the Earth. The third treats of the Elevation of Land, the Level of the Sea, and the Heat of the Interior of the Globe. The fourth discusses the important subject of Ancient Climate. The Series of Life is considered in a fifth chapter, and the Lapse of Time in a sixth.

The Author then applies himself to explain in due order (in the seventh chapter) the Succession of Rocks in the Crust of the Earth, beginning with the general basis of granitic and metamorphic rocks, and ascending to the latest glacial and postglacial formations, and modern products of the sea and fresh waters. Summaries of organic remains are given in each great group of strata. To this succeeds (in chapter 8) an entirely new section or division of the work, entitled 'Lithology,' in which, by descriptions and diagrams, the Author endeavours to remove some of the difficulties which beset beginners in their attempts to recognise rocks, and the minerals which compose them. Plutonic rocks and minerals, volcanic rocks and minerals, metallic deposits, metamorphic rocks, and rocks formed in water, are accurately and carefully described. After the last chapter, which consists of tables and calculations and other information useful to the geologist while employing thermometers, barometers, and clinometers, a short Glossary follows, arranged on a new plan. A full descriptive reference is given to the four plates of figures; and the diagrams are explained in the text.