Bucer, follow St. Augustine. The Orientals and the non-Lutheran Protestants follow Philo, Josephus, and Origen.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

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Whatever may be the origin of the term Bluestocking,' it has been long understood to apply-in days when men looked askance at the higher education of women, PROF. SKEAT queries when the Ten Com-those who pursued it in spite of the preand thought it altogether out of place-to mandments were first divided as at present. judice and opposition it entailed. If he turns to the Antiquities' of Josephus iii. 5, § 3, he will find that that author divides them as the Church of England does, and

it is clear that he merely records the custom

of his countrymen.

A. D. T.

HEINE ON KANT (11 S. i. 247).-Heine deduces a sort of parallel between Kant and Robespierre in his History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany.' I quote the following sentence from Prof. Tout, occurring in a sketch of Heine :

Lampe was the name of Kant's servant, whom he had to dismiss, after an attendance during thirty years, on account of misconduct, in 1802. Nevertheless, Kant left to Lampe by his will a life annuity of 40 thaler (61.). Cf. 'Immanuel Kant's Biographie,' by F. W. Schubert (Leipsic, 1842), pp. 200-201. H. KREBS.

2

In view

of the fact that this prejudice has largely broken down, and that women receive University degrees and reside in University colleges, the word seems to have lost its significance. Who was it that, in the days when opposition was at its height, summed up the question thus: "The stockings. cannot be too blue if the petticoats are long enough to cover them ? Was it not one of our Lord Chancellors ?

22

houses and kitchens in England, particularly The Yule clog is still burnt in many farmin the North, and there are several superstitions connected with it among the peasantry. If a squinting person come to the house while it is burning, or a person barefooted, it is considered an ill omen. The brand remaining from the Yule clog is carefully put away to light the next

See C. G. Leland's translation (Heine-year's Christmas fire.” mann, 1892) of Heine's Germany, vol. i. p. 151. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. [MR. M. L. R. BRESLAR'S longer reply has been forwarded to the querist.]

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BLUESTOCKING": ORIGIN OF THE TERM (11 S. i. 222).—The following paragraph appeared in The Morning Herald and Daily Advertiser of 10 Dec., 1783 (p. 3, col. 2) :—

"A division is said to have taken place among the Blue Stockings, owing to a dispute which arose at Mrs. Vy's [? Mrs. Vesey's] at their last meeting, and would probably have been attended with serious consequences, but for the timely interposition of some unlettered auditors. Mrs.

M

[? Mrs. Montagu] is said to be at the head of the seceding party, which, we are informed, has already come to a resolution of instituting a club in opposition to the Blues."

The last of the clique is stated to have been Miss Monckton, afterwards Countess of Cork, who died in 1840. See further The Penny Post, 1 March, 1874; The Literary Gazette during 1842; and as to the Blue-Stocking Club of New York, The Queen, 6 June, 1868. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.

W. B.

A strange belief anent the subject of the ashen faggot, which formerly existed in the West of England (whether elsewhere I cannot say), is that if the last fragment of the faggot, partly burnt, was placed in the stall, it would keep the cows from all harm or disaster. This is known to have been done within comparatively recent years in Somerset. H. W. KILLE.

1, Tasker Street, Walsall.

SPEAKER PELHAM (11 S. i. 227, 272).— Henry Pelham may have been the nominee of George, seventh Earl of Rutland, who as Sir George Manners was knight of the shire for the county of Lincoln 1620, and member for Grantham 1603-14 and 1623–5. Sir George, who was the last of the eldest branch of the Manners family, succeeded his brother in the earldom in 1632, and died 1641, the year after Henry Pelham was first returned for Grantham. The note given below is appended to Henry Pelham's

W. H. PINCHBECK.

There are references to Speaker Pelham in Memoirs of the Verney Family,' by Lady Verney, 1892, vol. ii. p. 246; and in Anthony Wood's Life and Times' (Oxford Hist. Soc.), voi. ii. p. 215. Refer also to Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports on the Duke of Rutland's MSS. and House of Lords MSS. In the latter (13th Report, App., Part V.) there is an allusion to "the Pelham Estate Act. This related to a division of the

22

Brocklesby estate, and being dated 29 Dec., 1691, might contain references to Henry Pelham's children, if he had any.

A. L. HUMPHREYS.

According to East Anglia and the Great Civil War,' by A. Kingston (p. 298), Edward Pelham of Brockley," Lincolnshire, was called upon by Parliament to pay a fine amounting to 2,250l.

G. H. W.

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Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, &c.
JOHN T. PAGE.

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"ROUNDHEAD," A WEAPON (11 S. i. 187).— The interesting contribution of A. S. showing that there were at Nottingham weapons called roundheads " in 1644-5 does not term, as applied to the Parliamentarians, 'disprove the very old assumption that the grew out of their practice of cropping their hair.22 As I showed at 7 S. xii. 247, it was applied to Pym in a conversation recorded in an affidavit of 16 June, 1642, now in the records of the House of Lords, and obviously as a term of opprobrium, to be shared by those with whom he was politically asso

ciated.

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ALFRED F. ROBBINS.

Why does the discovery of the term roundhead" in armourers' lists lead A. S. to suppose that it was applied to a weapon? Was it not, rather, the description of a plain sort of helmet or "skull ??? E. L.-W.

FERMOR, EARLS OF POMFRET (11 S. i. 288). -The Draycotts may be of Chelsea, and commemorated in Draycott Place, Chelsea, as Peter Denys, Esq. (ancestor of Denys. Burton, Bt.), of the Pavilion, Hans Place, Chelsea, married, 1787, Charlotte, only daughter of George, Earl of Pomfret, and died 1816, leaving issue Anna Maria Dray-head 22 is implied in a passage in Memoirs of cott, afterwards Lady Shuckburgh. In Debrett's Baronetage for 1819, under Sibbald of Sillwood Park, Berks, Sibbald Scott, Bt.-Sir James Sibbald, Bt. (d. 1819), having married Eliza Delagard (d. 1809), niece of the Countess of Pomfret -is the following:

2

now

Delagard, of London, Esq., left issue: 1. Anne Maria, who took the name of Draycott, before marriage, m. 1764, George Fermor, Earl of Pomfret, and d. 1787. 2. William Delagard, Member of Council, Bombay, where he d. 1760, leaving issue (1) William Delagard, E.I.C.C.S., who assumed the name of Draycott, and d. in Bengal 1768. (2) Eliza, Lady Sibbald, aforesaid. (3) Henrietta, Mrs. Hartwell. (4) Louisa, Mrs. David Scott of Dunninald, co. Forfar.'

I fancy the Countess was also connected, by property, with Sunbury, Middlesex. LIONEL SCHANK.

Notes on Books, &c.

Modern Greek Folk-lore and Ancient Greek Religion.
By J. C. Lawson, (Cambridge University
Press.)

A QUARTER of a century ago we were surprised
to learn from the late Mr. Theodore Bent's charm-
ing volume 'The Cyclades' what a large amount
of old Hellenic custom and belief was still alive
among the insular Greeks of the present day;
and more recently Mr. G. F. Abbott in his Mace-
donian Folk-lore has garnered further material
of the same kind from the mainland.

improbable. We venture to suggest that these words are derivatives, like Harpies (Harpyia), "the seizers," and harpê, a bird of prey, from harpazo, to seize, with loss of the aspirate and an intruded vowel (compare the Greek arabulai, by the side of arbulai and harpides, Curtius, ii. 386). More satisfactory is the long and elaborate argument in chap. ii. to establish a connexion between the modern ghoul Kantzaros or Kalli-Kantzaros and the ancient Kentauros or Centaur, and of both with the lycanthrope or were-wolf of other countries.

EVEN a robust genius born to grapple with whole libraries" would find it difficult to keep pace with the flood of books which one year produces at the present day. Fortunately, such In the present volume of researches, which he labours of the sort as fall to the lot of the assidudescribes as a study in survivals," Mr. Lawson, ous student of books are materially lightened by one of Cambridge's wandering scholars, has made The English Catalogue of Books. The volume for a much more thorough and exhaustive investiga-1909, issued for The Publishers' Circular by tion of the traces of the old pagan religion which Messrs. Sampson Low, is before us, and wins the linger under slight disguises among the Greek genuine gratitude which an invaluable book of peasantry. Their Christianity seems to have quietly appropriated, and then absorbed and assimilated, as many of the old heathen usages as it found itself unable to supplant or abolish, the concordat thus established being the popular religion.

Mr. Lawson has many new theories to advance which will challenge the attention of the classical scholar as well as of the folk-lorist. He maintains, e.g., that human sacrifices were originally offered with the intention of dispatching a messenger to the other world with tidings of importance. There is much in Comparative Religion to give countenance to this suggestion; the brutal " customs" of the King of Dahomey are known to have been instigated by this idea. Other interpretations suggested by Mr. Lawson do not seem to carry equal conviction. The coin for Charos, the god of death, is so obviously a survival of the naulon due to Charon that we decline to take it, with Mr. Lawson, to be merely a prophylactic charm placed in the dead man's mouth to prevent any evil spirit making that his means of ingress. Where, if not in the mouth, could the dead man stow away the ferryman's fee, since the last garment is proverbially made without pockets?

Again, the burying of a lamp in the grave, which Mr. Lawson fancies to be an emblematic semblance of the cremation of the corpse, ought, we think, to be ranged with other forms of graveofferings made for the behoof of the deceased in the darkness of the unexplored world, like the candle which Yorkshire folk used sometimes to place in the coffin. The lights kept burning on graves (p. 508) are capable of a similar explanation. We cannot but think that a wider acquaintance with the folk-lore of other peoples would have saved the author from some improbable specula

tions.

A large, and indeed altogether disproportionate, amount of the work is devoted to the subject of vampyres, which, originally Slavonic, have now become the predominant bugbear of the Greek peasant. One name given to these creatures is arapia (p. 277), which, in company with the allied arapédes, water-demons that drag men down into wells or rivers (like our own Jenny Greenteeth"), Mr. Lawson interprets as a modern transformation of " Arabs." This seems extremely

reference evokes.

If we may dwell on a detail, we may express our regret that "writers with compound names are entered under the last part of the name, e.g.-Gould (Sabine Baring-).' This seems to us something like revising the name a man chooses to bear, and bound to lead to oddities, if not absurdities. It is probable, for instance, that some of the great family of Smith have deliberately helped themselves to an addition which facilitates memory of, or research for, their names. Why should they then fall back here into the general herd?

The Analysis of Books published in 1909' offers one remarkable fact: "This year, for the first time, the number of books recorded is over 10,000, the actual figures being 10,725. This is an increase of 904 upon last year's figures."

66

This record," to use common slang, is not one which can be viewed with undiluted pleasure, Even if, as is stated, new editions have gone up, there remains an immense mass of books which no serious reader wants, and which complicate further the difficulty of selecting what is really noteworthy. Reckless compilers obscure the merits of earlier books of authority from which they derive much of their matter and a superficial air of confidence.

LONDON, SATURDAY, MAY 7, 1910.

CONTENTS.-No. 19.

by. Modern English has actually turned the plural trace (=trais=traits) into the double plural traces!

The Italian for trace (really plural) is tratti, from a sing. tratto. Torriano (1688) NOTES: "Trash," 361-The Prince of Monaco's Examina- has: tion, 362-Provincial Booksellers, 363-Leibniz on the leash or slip for a gray-hound." tratto, a tract, space....also, a Penny Post-"Jew's Cake"-Swedenborg's PatronymicAnd CotSlavonic Linden Folk-lore-Peripatetic Scientific Society, grave has : 66 'traict, arrow.... 365—Mr. J. T. Tweed-President Adams's X. Y.Z. Mission draught....trick....also a dart, -"Gin "=" Geneva," 366. a team-trace or QUERIES:-The Lily-white Boys, 366-Mark Twaintrait....also a lime [liam] or line wherein Soame Jenyns-Prodigal Nabob-Abbé Coyer to Pana blood-hound is led, and staied in his sophe "Die Wahrheit ruht in Gott"-The Buckland pursute.' 22 The last four words are most Shag-Best Company consists of Five Persons-Buffoon's Admirers-Galloping Hogan-English Decorator and important. They show that the English Tintoretto-Ralegh and the Widow Hervye, 367-Ralegh word trace was equivalent to " and Cornish Miners-Drake's Golden Hind-Authors which a dog could be led or could be held a leash by Wanted-Winchester College Chantry-Veal MoneyModern German Poets-Civil War in Fiction-Arundel back." But this is also the very sense of Collection, 368-"Mesopotamia"-Losack Family-Truch- trash, as the sessian Gallery-" Cattle-drive"– "All sorts of people to have long ago agreed Shakespeare commentators make a world"-Leo XIII.'s Latin Verses-'How Happy upon; and the could I be with Either!'-Richard Blacow-Richard E.D.D.' gives us the very sense : Canning-James Chelsum-Ansgar, Master of the Horse, a cord used in checking dogs.' Trash, Hence came REPLIES:-Gargoyles, 369-R. H. A. Bennet, 370-Foster's the verb to trash, meaning precisely" to check. 'Alumni Cantabrigienses'-Sir Philip Perceval, 372"In dieses Grabes Dunkeln"-John II. of France— round his neck, as some have superfluously a dog with a cord," but hardly with a clog 'Cornwall: its Mines and Scenery'-Herb-woman to the King "Trabalhos de Jesus," 373-Critical Review of guessed. There is no sense in importing Publick Buildings'-" Gerizim "-" Wiogora Ceaster," 374 clogs into this discussion. "Ljūs"-"Svabach"-"Year". "Mother of Free Parliaments"-Cart Family Arms, 375-Guildhall Statues -Shakespeare and the Mountjoys-Easter twice in One Year-Heine in London-Neil Gow, Race-horse-"Rosamonda's lake," 376-Johnson in the Hebrides-Scheffelde -Fly on a Shield-Portland Cement, 377-Elections under the Ballot-"Jirga "-Ague-Ring, 378. NOTES ON BOOKS:-The Electress Sophia'-"English Literature for Schools "-Reviews and Magazines. Booksellers' Catalogues.

369.

Notices to Correspondents.

THE Elizabethan use of the word trash has never been fully explained. There were two words of this form. One of them, meaning anything worthless,' appears to be of Scandinavian origin. It is the same word as the prov. E. trash, "cuttings from a hedge," as in 'E.D.D.'; and I shall say no more about it, as it gives no trouble.

66

66

This explains all the passages quite easily. In The Tempest,' I. ii. 81, to trash means simply to hold back," as Wright's note sufficiently shows. In Fletcher's Bonduca,' I. i., "he trashed me 22 held me back 22 merely means "he impeded me.' Johnson's Dictionary has trash in the same sense, as equivalent to overslow or foreslow. He quotes :

or

22

an

"Among other incumbrances and delays to heaven, there is no one that doth so clog and trash, so disadvantage and backward us." Note the exactness of the language: incumbrance clogs us and disadvantages us (so much for the clog); but a delay trashes us and backwards us (so much for the trash).

The whole trouble comes from the complete confusion between trace, as the plural of trait, and trace, sb. and vb., from the F. trace and tracer.

In the case of the sb. a trace had no right to be also called a trash; in the latter case But the other trash, of French origin, is there was no reason at all against it. For we very difficult. The secret is that it is really are then concerned no longer with the a variant of the word trace, as I hope to equivalent of the Ital. traccia, 66 a trace, a show, though few seem to have suspected track, a footing; also the slote, the view, this. For the fact is that trace, as a sb., or footing of a deer or any other beast" is sometimes a corrupt form, viz., whenever (Torriano), but with tracciare, "to trace, it stands for traits, as has repeatedly been to track. And Godefroy's O.F. Dict.' explained. The parts of a cart in the has : Tracier, trachier, tracher, trasser, Nominale,' 1. 883, have amongst them to track, trace, follow, pursue 22 ; which trays, which is both the Norman and the accounts for the form trash at once. It is Middle English form. But the O.F. trays a correct variant of the verb to trace, but or trais is the plural of trait, a thing to pull very incorrect as a variant of the plural of

66

22