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PREFACE TO THIS EDITION.

THE following pages were written under the impression that the visible manifestations of the attributes of the Deity are too frequently overlooked by Christians in their views of the great objects of Religion, and in the worship they offer to the Father of their spirits; and are intended to show, that the Teachers of Religion, in imparting instruction either to the old or to the young, ought to embrace a wider range of illustration, in reference to Divine subjects, than that to which they are usually confined.

Throughout the whole of the discussions contained in this work, the Author has pursued his own train of thought; and, in so doing, he trusts that he has been enabled to render some of his illustrations more interesting to the young and untutored mind than if he had adhered rigidly to the sentiments of others, and to the technical language of science. The sketches of the different sciences are not mere extracts, or compilations, but are, for the most part, original composition-in which it has been his main object to imbody as many facts as his limits would permit-in order to excite the inquiring mind to farther investigations into the different departments of physical science.

It is presumed, that no Christian reader will for once imagine, that the views illustrated in this work are intended to be substituted in place of the peculiar revelations of the Bible. The object of the volume is to illustrate the harmony which subsists between the system of Nature and the system of Revelation; and to show, that the manifestations of God in the material universe ought to be blended with our views of the facts and doctrines recorded in the volume of Inspiration.

It is taken for granted, throughout the whole range of the following illustrations, that the Scriptures contain a Revelation from Heaven; and, under a firm belief of this important truth, the Author has embellished his work with frequent quotations from the energetic and sublime language of this Sacred Book. It would, therefore, be unfair in any critic, who entertains doubts on this point, to find fault with such quotations, or with the allusions to Bible phraseology which occur, unless they can be shown to be introduced without judgment or discrimination.

The Author has carefully revised every portion of the present edition, and introduced a variety of corrections and modifications. He has likewise introduced additional matter, to the extent of between 20 and 30 pages, and also

several illustrative engravings. In its present form, the Author trusts, that independently of the moral reflections it contains, it will be found to comprise popular descriptions of a greater number of scientific facts than is to be found in any other volume of the same size.

Various topics, originally intended to be illustrated, have been unavoidably omitted. Some of these are stated in the last paragraph of Chapter IV. the illustration of which, in combination with other kindred topics, would fill a volume of nearly the same size as the present. This subject (for which the author has abundance of materials) will be prosecuted in another volume, under the title of THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION; and will comprise, among many other objects of discussion, illustrations of the moral relation of intelligent beings to their Creator, and to one another-the physical and rational grounds of those moral laws which the Deity has promulgated-the views which science affords of the incessant energies of Creating Power, and of the grand and multifarious objects over which Divine Providence presides-the relation of science to a future state, and of the aids which the discoveries of science afford, for enabling us to form a conception of the perpetual improvement of the celestial inhabitants in knowledge and felicity. These subjects will be illustrated by a variety of interesting details of facts, in relation to the system of nature, the history of nations, and the moral state of Christian and general society

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION

Necessity of Revelation. Folly of discarding the Science of Nature from Religion. Beneficial Effects which flow from the study of the Works of God.

ON

CHAPTER I.

OF THE NATURAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE DEITY.

SECTION I.

THE RELATION OF THE NATURAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE DEITY TO RELI-
GION

The Christian Religion founded on the Natural Attributes of God. His Power as interesting a subject as his Mercy-Illustrated in two instances, Evils which arise from imperfect conceptions of Divine Power. Defects in Religious Instruction on this subject. Sources of Illustration.

SECTION II.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE OMNIPOTENCE OF THE DEITY The material world exhibits a more striking display of this Perfection than the supernatural facts recorded in Scripture. Immense quantity of Matter in the universe. Mode of acquiring the most comprehensive conception of the bulk of the Earthits variety of scenery-its mass of solid matter. Magnitude of the bodies which compose the Solar System. Magnitude and number of the Stars. Procedure of the mind in acquiring the most impressive conceptions of such august objects. Re flections. Rapid Motions of the Celestial Bodies. How we acquire the ideas of relative velocities-weight of the Earth-immense physical forces-Grandeur of the motion of Saturn-immense number of bodies impelled through the heavensReflections. Immense Spaces which surround the Heavenly Bodies-Reflections. Popular illustration of the Motions of the Earth and Heavens. Extract from Dr. Ridgeley, with remarks. Universe intended to adumbrate the Attributes of God, and to make a sublime impression on created beings. Similar trains of thought suggested in the Scriptures. Moral Effects of such contemplations. Humility. Folly of pride-low rank of man in the scale of being. Reverence and Veneration-Reason why mankind feel so little veneration of God-how it may be increased. The Deity unsearchable. Hope and Confidence in the prospect of futurity-Resurrection-Scenes of Eternity.

SECTION III.

ON THE WISDOM AND INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEITY Wisdom defined-Displayed in the Structure of the Solar System. Distance of the Sun. Rotation of the Planets-Principal reason why such a motion exists. Wisdom displayed in other Systems. Minute displays of this attribute cannot be traced in the heavens. Wisdom, as displayed in the constitution of our globe-adjustment of its solid parts to the necessities of the beings which inhabit it. Mountains, their uses-exist in other worlds. Diversity of colour-argument for a plurality of worlds-general colour which prevails in the scene of nature-Water, its use in the system of nature-its composition, evaporation-motion of the liquid element-its beneficial effects. The Atmosphere-its weight and pressure-its component parts-its various propertiesnecessary to animal life, flame, sound, twilight-wisdom displayed in its constitution. Expansion of water in the act of freezing.

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VARIETY OF NATURE

Vegetables--their number and variety. Animals-variety in their organization. Eyes of insects-their exquisite mechanism. Subterraneous Regions. Atmosphere. The Variety of Nature affords a faint idea of the infinity of the Creator. Illustrated in the number of animal parts and functions. Reflection. Variety the foundation of our judgments. Beauty and sublimity of Nature. Primeval state of our globeother worlds.

Mechanism of Animated Beings STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EYE-its coats, humours, muscles, orbit, and motions, Wisdom displayed in its construction. Light-its velocity, minuteness, colours, and adaptation to the eye. MANNER IN WHICH VISION IS PERFORMED-explained by a figure, and an, experiment-illustrated by the view from Salisbury Craigs. Multitude of rays which flow from every object-smallness of the image on the retina, illustrated by calculation-what proportion of the solar light falls on our globe-Reflections. Mechanism for viewing near and distant objects-contraction and dilatation of the pupil-distance at which we see distinctly. Summary view of adaptations in the structure of the eye. Eyes of superior intelligences. Visual organs of the inferior animals. Mechanism of the Bones illustrated-exemplified in the joints of the fingers, the wrist, and the movements of which the head is susceptible. Moral Reflections on the impropriety of overlooking the Divine Wisdom in the system of nature.

SECTION IV.

ON THE GOODNESS OR BENEVOLENCE OF THE DEITY

Benevolence of God in relation to Man-considered as a depraved intelligence, Mercy displayed in the system of nature. Benevolence as displayed towards the lower animals. Extract from Dr. Paley. General Reflections.

CHAPTER II.

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A CURSORY VIEW OF SOME OF THE SCIENCES WHICH ARE RELATED TO RELIGION AND CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION. Extensive range of Theology. Bad effects of setting Religion in oppo-
sition to Science. Harmony of the operations of God in Nature and Revelation
NATURAL HISTORY
Its extensive range. Outline of its principal objects-on the surface, and in the interior
recesses of the earth-in the atmosphere-the vegetable, mineral, and animal king
doms-and in the region of the heavens. Description of the Banian Tree. Reflec-
tions. Monkey Bread Tree. Splendour and felicity of insect life. Invisible worlds
-infinity of the universe. Religious tendency of this Science. It affords a manifest-
ation of the Deity, and expands our conceptions of his operations-ennobles the human
mind.-Recommended by the Sacred writers.

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Its object-Figure of the Earth-Proofs of its spherical form. Relation which the discovery of the figure of the earth bears to the plan of Providence. Magnitude and natural divisions of the earth. General features of its surface. Mountains--their general ranges, and the sublime scenes they exhibit. The Ocean-its extent, depth, bottom, and motions. Rivers--their number, size, and the quantity of water they pour into the ocean. How they are supplied--their use in the system of nature. Artificial division of the earth. Number and variety of its inhabitants. Number which have existed since the Creation-number at the resurrection, and the space they would occupy. Number which the earth would contain-strictures on Malthus. Utility of the study of Geography to Religion-to Directors of Missionary Societies -to Private Christians. Grandeur of its physical objects-utility of its moral facts. GEOLOGY

Its object and connexion with religion-an interesting subject of inquiry. Materials which compose the crust of our globe. Various geological phenomena. Organic remainsMammoth, Tapir, Elk, Megatherium, &c. Geological deductions not inconsistent with the Mosaic History--Genesis i. 1, 2, exolained. Short duration of the earth

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in its present form. The Deluge, and its effects on the earth's strata. Marine shells, &c. Grand and terrific objects which this science exhibits-illustrate the sublime descriptions of the Deity recorded in the Scriptures. ASTRONOMY

Its sublime objects. Apparent motions of the Sun-of the Moon. Eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Apparent motion of the starry heavens. Stars and planets seen in the day-time, and with what powers of the telescope they may be distinguished. Apparent revolution of the celestial vault indicates Almighty power. Stars never shift their relative positions. Solar System. The Sun-his size and probable destination illustrated-his spots and atmosphere-different kind of rays emitted from his body--his distance illustrated. Mercury--his size, rotation, quantity of light and heat, &c. Proportions of caloric on the different planets. Venus-her size, phases, mountains, transits, and general phenomena. Original observations on, and mode by which her diurnal rotation may be determined. Earth-proofs of its annual and diurnal motions. The moon-description of her majestic mountain scenery, luminous spots, celestial appearances, illuminating power, superficial contents, &c. Mars-his distance, atmosphere, luminous zone, &c. New Planets-Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vestatheir anomalies, singularities, and probable origin. Meteoric Stones. Jupiter-his bulk, rotation, belts, and the appearances of his moons. Saturn-his figure, beits, moons, and quantity of light. His Rings, their dimensions, motion, and phenomena -illustrated by a figure. Splendour of the firmament, as viewed from this planet (see the engraving.) Herschel-his distance, size, and quantity of light. Comets-their tails, velocity, orbits, size, and number. New Comet. Motion of the solar system in absolute space-its destination-plurality of worlds intimated in Scripture. The Fixed Stars-their distance illustrated--their arrangement, changes-moral reflections. Relation of Astronomy to Religion-moral effects which its objects have a tendency to produce-criminality of overlooking the works of God, &c. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

Its objects and different departments. Mechanics-subjects it embraces, and its importance to the improvement of mankind. Hydrostatics-its leading principles and uses, illustrated by figures. Pneumatics-its principles, and the experiments by which they are illustrated. Acoustics. Optics-leading facts and principles of this science, Burning-glasses, &c. Electricity-its nature, phenomena, effects, and agency in the system of nature. Galvanism-its singular effects on metals, &c. and on the animal system-various facts which it explains. Magnetism-its various phenomena and effects. Relation of Natural Philosophy to Religion-its inventions meliorate the condition of mankind-illustrated in the case of the electric fluid-it undermines the influence of superstition-unfolds the incessant agency of God-indifference to this subject unreasaonble.

CHYMISTRY

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Its objects, and present dignified station. General forms of matter-simple and compound substances. Caloric-its sources and properties. Oxygen, its properties and combinations-nitrous oxide, its singular effects. Nitrogen, its effects on flame and animal life. Hydrogen, its properties and uses. Carbon, its nature, combinations, and antiseptic properties. Sulphur, its origin, combinations, and properties. Phosphorus, history of its discovery-how prepared-curious experiments with this substance-Phosphoric phenomena in the system of nature. Connexion of this science with Religion-it displays the wisdom and benevolence of God, and the mode of his present and future operations-improves the condition of man-and carries forward our views to a more glorious and auspicious era. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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Their general object-human body, its different parts and divisions. Bones, their number, form, and positions. Muscles, their nature, use, and extraordinary strength. Heart and blood-vessels, and the circulation of the blood. Respiration-curious structure of the lungs. Digestion. Perspiration. Sensation, and the system of nerves. Summary. Moral reflections-this branch of study teaches us our dependence on a Superior Power-and excites to gratitude.

HISTORY

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Its objects, advantages, and connexion with Religion. Connexion of the sciences and of the Divine dispensations with each other. Concluding remarks.

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