much success. We are trying also to get orchardists to adopt methods looking to the cleaning up of the orchards, banding, scraping, and pruning trees, and cleaning up the debris in the orchards in order to destroy codling moth larvae. That is one of the most important projects under this particular item.

Mr. CANNON. Undoubtedly, the codling moth is the most destructive insect with which we have to deal in fruit production throughout the United States. Its injury is more widespread than that of any other insect. As a matter of fact, the time has come in my State when we cannot produce apples without spraying for the codling moth. Now, you are trying to devise some substitutes for lead arsenate, but the only substitute that you have ever seriously suggested to us for lead arsenate is calcium arsenate. That does not seem to be as effective as the lead arsenate. You were also going to give us some solvent or re-agent which would dissolve the lead, but so far it has not been found. Hydrochloric acid washes off the arsenic, but it has no effect on the lead. What progress have you made in that direction?

Mr. STRONG. Calcium arsenate has never been recommended to absolutely take the place of lead arsenate. We have tried calcium

arsenate at a number of places.

Mr. CANNON. It has been tried in my State during the last few years, but it does not destroy the fly.

We

Mr. STRONG. We have had varying effects from calcium arsenate. We have had nothing uniform enough to justify a recommendation that calcium arsenate be substituted for lead arsenate. In fact, we have had bad burning in some sections from calcium arsenate. have tried to meet that by using lead arsenate for certain sprays, and then using calcium arsenate later on, thinking probably there would not be so much residue left. The progress we have made has been more in the direction of developing promising trends. We have not made sufficient progress to say to the grower, "Instead of using lead arsenate, use some other spray." We have found some promising leads in the use of nicotine.

Mr. CANNON. That is too expensive.

Mr. STRONG. Yes, sir; we realize that.

Mr. CANNON. Is it as effective as lead arsenate, even if it could be supplied economically?

Mr. STRONG. I cannot say yet. There is some promise that we may get some results there.

Mr. CANNON. It is efficacious for aphis, but not for the codling moth. In other words, we have nothing that takes the place of lead

arsenate.

Mr. STRONG. No, sir.

Mr. CANNON. What is your present tolerance?

Mr. STRONG. Last year the tolerance for lead was 0.02, and this year, in 1934, it is 0.019.

Mr. CANNON. What is the tolerance for arsenic?

Mr. STRONG. Last year for arsenic it was 0.01 and this year it is the

saine.

Mr. CANNON. I wonder if you have gathered any data tending to show the disadvantage of the tolerance at 0.02. Was their any evi

dence of arsenical poisoning?

Mr. STRONG. I do not know of any. If there were any data assembled, it would be in the hands of the Food and Drug Administration of the Department.

Mr. CANNON. In families which have engaged in orcharding for generations, the children have had free access to the orchards from the time the trees bloom until the last of the fruit is gathered. They eat the apples from the trees, with no thought of removing the spray residues and I have never known of a single instance in which any child showed any ill-effects from the consumption of apples before or since the tolerance was established. The Department should supply some proof of the removal of a menace to health by enforcement of the tolerance.

Mr. STRONG. I do not have that data.

Mr. CANNON. I do not think you could find a better laboratory than the children running through the orchards from spring to fall, eating apples from the time they are ripe, without washing.

Mr. HART. Probably they did not have enough profit in it with the tolerance at 0.02, and so they decided to reduce it.

Mr. CANNON. It certainly has not been justified by the results. Mr. SINCLAIR. Is that what brought about the trouble in the foreign markets?

Mr. CANNON. Apparently the agitation first started here, went across the ocean, and came back.

Mr. STRONG. In some sections, the codling moth is so abundant that 8, 9, or 10 sprays with lead arsenate are not controlling it today. Mr. THURSTON. Have you ever found an apple with arsenate in it? Mr. STRONG. I have not. I would not know that it was there. It would have to be chemically analyzed, and that is a part of the operation that I do not have anything to do with.

Mr. CANNON. The tolerance applies only to fruit in interstate commerce. A large part of the product of the orchard is consumed within the State where it is produced, and the tolerance does not apply. It is only when the apple goes into interstate commerce that this law becomes effective. You can feed any amount of spray residue to the consumer within the State, and the Federal regulation would not apply. As a matter of fact, the amount of residue remaining is so small and so harmless that there is no occasion for such a regulation. There are no cases of poisoning on record, and no cases on record to show that any deterioration of health has been traced directly to this

cause.

SHADE-TREE INSECT WORK TRANSFERRED TO DIVISION OF FOREST INSECTS

Mr. SANDLIN. I notice in the item for fruit insects, on page 264, the language cut out includes the words "and shade tree.

Mr. STRONG. There was about $11,000 that was in this same division. This was the Division of Fruit and Shade-Tree Insects, and it seemed to me more logical that work on shade-tree insects should be carried out in the division dealing with forest insects; so that that item was transferred over to the Division of Forest Insects, and then the language was cut out entirely.

I should have pointed out to start with, perhaps, that one division, the Division of Household and Stored Products Insects, was split up and the work reassigned to other divisions in the Bureau of Entomology. In this division there was work on household insects and on

stored grain insects and forest products, stored tobacco insects, and peaweevil in warehouses. We have other divisions that are working on the crops that those insects affect in the field, so that it seemed more logical to have the direction of all the work on those particular crops in their respective divisions. So that one division was broken up, and this one was moved out of Fruit Insects to Forest Insects.

Mr. SANDLIN. The work is being conducted, but by another division, as I understand.

Mr. STRONG. That is right. The shade-tree insect work is not to be conducted. That was wiped out.

Mr. THURSTON. You are not asking for any appropriation to eliminate or control the pests that affect shade trees?

Mr. STRONG. We had a specific item in this one division of some $11,000 for work on insects other than the Japanese beetle that affect. shade trees, and that is eliminated.

Mr. THURSTON. We had a chestnut drive throughout the country a few years ago?

Mr. STRONG. The chestnut blight; yes.

Mr. THURSTON. Is there any item to cover that work?

Mr. STRONG. That would be in the Bureau of Plant Industry, and I think they are doing some work on that.

P.W.A. FUNDS

Mr. SANDLIN. I notice you have $14,450 from the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works.

Mr. STRONG. That was for the construction and repairing of a greenhouse, storage sheds, and insectaries at Moorestown, N.J., in connection with investigations on the Japanese beetle, and we are also using some of that on parasite work in connection with the fruit moth.

Mr. ROHWER. That is the Civil Works part of it.

JAPANESE-BEETLE CONTROL

Mr. SANDLIN. The next item is for Japanese-beetle control:

For the control and prevention of spread of the Japanese beetle, $203,010. Your estimate for 1935 is $203,010, and your appropriation for 1934 is $349,837.

Mr. STRONG. The following justification is presented for the record:

Decrease, Budget 1935, compared with estimated obligations,
1934..

76, 020

The reduction of $146,827 in the 1935 estimate of $203,010 below the appropriation of $349,837 for 1934 consists of:

Impoundment of 6% percent of 15 percent pay cut

-$17, 625

Curtailments in 1934 working funds.

-53, 182

Further reduction in working funds for 1935, as follows:

The reduction of $85,690 in working funds for 1935 includes:

-7, 971

$-85, 690 +9, 670

- 146, 827

(a) A decrease of $17,381 for supervision of nurseries and greenhouses.-In the last 4 years 233,021,180 nursery plants, many of which had roots in soil, and 39,703 car lots of sand potting soil and its constituents were certified for shipment outside the regulated area. These nursery plants originated from the 1,654 nurseries located within the regulated area and were shipped to every State and the District of Columbia. The sanitary measures employed under Federal supervision which served as a basis for certification form the sole protection against the distribution of the Japanese beetle with these materials.

The reduction in this appropriation will necessitate a corresponding reduction in the amount of supervision given to sanitary measures required in these nurseries as a basis for this Federal certification.

(b) A decrease of $296 for nursery and greenhouse scouting. Classification of nursery and greenhouses in the quarantined area is based on the determination by Federal inspection as to the presence or absence of the Japanese beetle in the individual premises. The certification for movement out of the quarantined area involves the different procedures depending upon this classification. The reduction in this item will involve a decrease in the amount of inspection to determine whether or not the nurseries and greenhouses contain the Japanese beetle.

(c) A decrease of $42,930 in trapping.-The use of trapping for determining the presence or absence of Japanese beetle in a given area supersedes the use of other forms of scouting. The determination of the area to be placed under regulation and the information furnished to the various States as to the boundaries of infested areas is obtained by the use of traps. In order to meet the reductions it will be necessary to discontinue this program for 1935.

(d) A decrease of $4,807 in trapping control.-Discontinued. Trapping for control of the Japanese beetle in isolated areas was reduced to a very small basis in 1934 because of reduced appropriations. This item is now being discontinued. The area in which most work had been done was Erie, Pa., where a cooperative program with the State of Pennsylvania had been carried on for some years.

(e) An increase of $1,358 for quarantine enforcement, vehicle inspection.—This increase is due to a mathematical error in distribution of the subappropriation 5 percent salary restoration item among the projects.

(f) A decrease of $13,663 for quarantine enforcement, farm products inspection.— During the last 4 years 27,072,997 packages of fruits and vegetables subject to Japanese beetle infestation were certified for shipment. Actual inspection is made of these products, certification being refused if infestation is found, in which event local market outlets must be used. The reduction in this item will bring about a proportionate decrease in the inspection facilities.

(g) A decrease of $7,971 for soil treatment.-Soil treatment-i. e., poisoning of soil to prevent the development of Japanese beetle larvae has been employed in cooperation with various States to control or eradicate isolated infestations in areas not hitherto known to be infested. This work will be discontinued. With the discontinuance of this item the control program which has been carried on in the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island will be terminated.

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

The money appropriated under this item is used for the enforcement of the quarantine to prevent spread of the Japanese beetle. The beetle is present in 14 eastern States and the District of Columbia. The insect is carried in the grub stage in soil in the roots of nursery stock. One of the important means

of prevention of spread, therefore, is the inspection and certification of plant products moving out of nurseries in the infested area.

More than 34,000,000 plants were thus inspected and certified during the past fiscal year. It is necessary in many instances to treat such nursery stock and this treatment is supervised by the Department. Repressive measures are carried on at certain isolated points where incipient infestations are located. Scouting is necessary to determine the presence of the beetle in localities outside the regulated area so that quarantine measures may be properly invoked. Other products besides nursery stock are regulated and supervision of fumigation of certain fruits is required, together with inspection and certification of farm products such as sweet corn and similar articles. Nearly four million packages of such products were inspected and certified during the last fiscal year and sterilization as a basis for certification was applied to 4,000 carloads of sand and earth destined for use in nurseries.

P.W.A. FUNDS APPLICABLE UNDER THIS HEADING

The following amounts of money were allotted for physical improvements on the Japanese beetle project, from Public Works emergency funds:

Federal project no. 3. Repair roof on warehouse of Japanese beetle projest at New Cumberland, near Harrisburg, Pa..

Federal project no. 4. Resurfacing road from property line of U. S. Army reservation to Japanese beetle warehouse at New Cumberland, near Harrisburg, Pa...

Federal project no. 5. Reconstruct concrete loading platform at ware-
house of Japanese beetle project, at New Cumberland, near Harris-
burg, Pa...

Federal project no. 6. Reconstruct large service door of warehouse of
Japanese beetle project at New Cumberland, near Harrisurg, Pa.

Total

Work on all four of these projects has been completed.

$7,400

2,500

2,000

200

12, 100

Mr. STRONG. I think everyone here is familiar with the Japanese beetle. The Asiatic beetle is a related insect, which does not cover as much territory as the Japanese beetle and does not affect quite so many plants.

Our work there is to continue to introduce and distribute parasites that will cut down the population of the Japanese beetle and to perfect sprays; and there again the spray residue matter comes into the picture, because the early fruits that are badly affected by the Japanese beetle would have to be sprayed pretty heavily in order to do anything in the way of control.

Then we are working to bring about more complete measures in the elimination of the grubs from the soil, both in nursery stock and in lawns and golf courses and similar situations. The insect works on foliage and on fruits and flowers in the adult stage, and on the roots of grasses and nursery stock as a grub. It spends about 9 to 10 months of the year in the soil as a grub.

Mr. HART. Have you had any success in importing these "anti" bugs?

Mr. STRONG. Yes, sir; there is a certain measure of success. There is no complete control by parasites in the Japanese beetle or the corn borer or any of these major pests. In the gipsy moth, in certain areas the introduced parasites have done a whole lot in the way of control, but on the Japanese beetle so far there is no material reduction in population. It is not real control by any means.

Mr. HART. Is the Japanese beetle prevalent in Europe?

Mr. STRONG. No, sir. It is in Japan, but it is not a serious pest in Japan because of the work of native enemies there-parasites that are native to Japan.