is left after seeding. This sheet [indicating] shows some areas that have been planted. Although they have been planted for quite a number of years, they do not show up very well. The losses from planting are very heavy, and the seedlings are slow in getting under way. Here are three pictures which show an attempt to utilize cut-over land for agriculture [exhibiting photographs], and in spite of everything that could be done, the forest has come back or brush has come back, so that use for agriculture is very difficult. Now, Mr. Chairman, I can give you other results from our work at other forest experiment stations, if you wish. Mr. SANDLIN. Suppose you take up another one; one of your outstanding accomplishments. CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Mr. CLAPP. I will refer next to some results which were obtained at our Central Forest Experiment Station, which covers a group of the Central States-Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and so forth. This work has dealt with the possibility of perpetuating the forest in farm woodlots where there is heavy grazing. The commonly accepted belief through that country is that the carrying capacity of those woodlot pastures is high, but actually we are finding that the forage values of the grasses grown in the shade is relatively low. Work was conducted in northern Indiana in cooperation with Purdue University; small areas were fenced, and varying numbers of stock kept in each enclosure. The conclusions were that the oakhickory woodlands which are representative of that country are incapable of producing sufficient forage to sustain the original weight of steers over a 6 months' season on the basis of grazing intensities of 6 and 4 and even 2 animals per acre; that an area of 9 acres for each animal for a 6 months' period is required to maintain the growth of young steers at the average gain of 1 pound per day per animal; that under an intensity of two acres per animal all vegetation within reach of the stock except annual plants was completely defoliated and shrubs were eliminated after 2 years' occupation of the pasture; and that, finally, grazing under an intensity of four acres per animal during the grazing season prevented the establishment of all tree reproduction. The farm woodlands in that central region are one of the most important forms of holdings, and the combined use for timber growing and for grazing is the common practice. Mr. SANDLIN. Your conclusion is that they should not be grazed? Mr. CLAPP. As a general proposition it has to be a choice. If they want the woodlot for grazing, they will have to use it for that alone, but if it is desired to grow timber, stock must be kept out. Mr. SANDLIN. Which is the most profitable? I Mr. CLAPP. As to that, sir, I cannot give you specific figures. do not remember any figures on that, but when I get back to the office I will check up to make sure. (A check shows that specific figures are not available, but it is planned to obtain data of this character during the coming year.) SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Mr. SANDLIN. What about your research in the Southern States? Is there any station there at which you are doing any special work? Mr. CLAPP. Yes, sir; we have a station which covers the Southern States from Texas and Louisiana east to and including Georgia, and which covers also the southern part of Arkansas. One of the lines of work which we are covering at the southern station is naval stores production from the long-leaf and slash pine. The tests in northeastern Florida have demonstrated the feasibility of continuously working turpentine faces with narrow streaks for a period of at least 8 years without serious decline in yields, whereas the ordinary commercial work shows a decline in yield of 5 percent or more annually, and the trees are worked out in 5 or 6 years. High sustained annual yields and two or more extra years of work per face may be realized from chipping narrow streaks. This represents a net gain in yield per face of 20 to 50 percent and a possible extension in the workable life of the timber. Then on the question of raising the tins for catching the resin: This is an important factor, and while the work is not complete, it is possible to draw some conclusions at the present time. Where deep cuts were made in the tree for attaching the tins, the decline in yield over a 5-year period in slash pine amounted to 30 percent, whereas when tins were tacked on, two of our tests showed a decline of only 3 percent and 19 percent as contrasted with 30, and a third showed an actual gain of 3 percent in the 5-year period. So there is a striking difference in yields. Similar tests in long-leaf pine with deep cuts showed a 32 percent loss in 5 years, as contrasted with 12 or 15 percent with the tacked tins. One of the things which have grown out of the work of the Southern Station in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, which is doing some work on the naval stores problem, is the drafting of a model turpentine lease which can be used as a guide by people who want to lease turpentining rights and by the factors. Mr. THURSTON. Is it an advantage to the small landowner to have that service? Mr. CLAPP. Yes, sir; I think it is a decided advantage, because very often they are not able to keep up with the literature covering the results of research, and this, in a very brief form, summarizes the things which they should know. Mr. THURSTON. The big landowner, of course, could employ counsel to handle that matter, and this would be an advantage to the small landowner? Mr. CLAPP. Yes, sir. Then it works another way, too. Sometimes the factors, or the people who purchase the naval stores supplies, are anxious to have the forest properly treated, and the existence of a model lease form helps them in getting better practice on small holdings. So the thing works both ways. Mr. THURSTON. Mr. Clapp, on page 270 of your explanatory notes reference is made to the results in forest management and the lessening of the period for germination of seeds for trees. Mention is made there of the fact that you use certain fertilizer and by doing that you 35962-34-58 can reduce the period possibly 2 or 3 years. Does that mean just by the use of fertilization, or have you worked out a plan so that you can speed up the growing of a tree when it has been planted? Mr. CLAPP. The first reference here is to red cedar. That seed is rather slow and irregular in germination. Some of them will come up relatively soon after planting, and others may not come up for 2 or 3 or even 4 years; so that seedling production in a nursery for forest planting is a very difficult thing because of the uneven age of the seedlings. Mr. THURSTON. But, just generally, have you been able to speed up the germination? Mr. CLAPP. I think I will come to that in just a second. Now, what they have done is to scarify or wear off the hard coat of that red cedar seed so that it will germinate almost immediately after planting. Mr. THURSTON. As you do with clover seed? Mr. CLAPP. I do not know what the practice is with clover, but this just wears the seed coat down so that it is just a shell, the thinnest possible shell, and then you get immediate germination; that is, immediate as contrasted with germination which might be delayed 2 or 3 or even 4 years. Mr. THURSTON. That would apply either in the experimental laboratory or out in the forest? Mr. CLAPP. Yes; that would apply in the nursery bed. Of course this is designed primarily for seed which is to be used in nurseries. Mr. SANDLIN. Your statement on page 260 gives a picture of where this money is spent at the different stations? Mr. CLAPP. Yes, sir. Mr. SANDLIN. And your statement beginning on page 269, "Work Done under this Appropriation," gives a rather detailed statement of how the money is used. SALARY REDUCTIONS Mr. THURSTON. Regarding the salary reductions for your branch, are they proportionate or relative to the amount allowed for the general expenses of your unit? Mr. CLAPP. Those salary reductions are computed on the basis of the actual personnel, as I understand it. Mr. HEADLEY. Fifteen percent of the actual salaries of the employees. Mr. CLAPP. The actual salary is taken of every person. Mr. THURSTON. What I mean is this: Out of the sums allocated to a given branch, a portion is used for salary and a portion for other purposes? Mr. CLAPP. Yes, sir. Mr. THURSTON. I want to know if the reductions in salary were pro rated to the other purposes. Mr. HEADLEY. Most of the reductions have to be made from salaries, because that is where the major portion of all our appropriation goes. Reductions have to be made by volume of personnel; not all of them, but the thing is worked out in order to maintain such a balance as may be possible after the reductions are made. RANGE INVESTIGATIONS Mr. SANDLIN. The next item is: Range investigations: Investigations and experiments to develop improved methods of management of forest and other ranges under section 7, at forest or range experiment stations or elsewhere, $81,025. The estimate for 1935 is the same as that for 1934. Mr. CLAPP. Yes, sir. Mr. SILCOX. The following statement is presented for the record: Increase, Budget 1935, compared with estimated obligations, 1934.... 4, 205 This reduction consists of: Impoundment of 6% percent of 15 percent pay cut- 5 percent salary restoration... There is a reduction of $18,975 in the 1935 estimate of $81,025 as compared with the appropriation of $100,000 for 1934. WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION The object of range investigations is to determine how to produce and utilize forage crops on forest and range lands most effectively. These ranges, totaling about 335,000,000 acres of grazed forest and woodland and nearly 495,000,000 acres of untimbered range lands, constitute a very important source of feed for the domestic livestock industry, particularly in the West, from which the Nation obtains a high percentage of its wool, lambs, and beef. The application of research results has already brought improved range conditions on national forests, more economical production, and savings of several million dollars to the industry annually. Thus, the work has an important bearing on the stability and welfare of the range livestock industry and conservation of the range resources. It is furnishing the basic information necessary for the range improvement, revegetation for erosion control, and other range land phases of the work of the C.C.C. and the public and civil works relief projects. It is also contributing directly and in important ways to national forest administration and the recovery of the range livestock industry, and it will contribute to the future administration of the public domain. The work includes such phases as determining ways and means for restoring and improving depleted ranges by natural revegetation and by artificial reseeding, values of range plants for grazing and how to increase and maintain the more valuable species, carrying capacity of different kinds of range for different classes of livestock, the best and most profitable methods of handling livestock on ranges, adjustments in management to insure best range use without interfering with reforestation, and methods for controlling poisonous range plants on the range, etc. The following examples illustrate the character of the results which are being obtained. Studies of range conditions on the foothill and desert ranges of the intermountain region clearly indicate why social and economic conditions are so unsatisfactory for that part of the industry using these ranges. In the sage brushwheat-grass foothills, grazing capacity on most of the land has declined almost 70 percent as compared to check areas largely protected from grazing and now in good condition. Much of this decline has been in palatable grasses. In the desert shrub types of western Utah that are used for winter grazing the decline in grazing capacity has reached an average of 58 percent. White sage, which is an excellent forage, has been replaced over extensive areas by other brush and by weed species of low forage value. Less intensive checks of conditions in the winter ranges of eastern Utah, in the Snake River Plains of southern Idaho, and in northern and central Nevada show declines in grazing capacity of from 50 to 80 percent. The greater part of these declines have occurred in palatable, perennial grasses which have been replaced by annual plants and weeds, both of much lower value than the grasses. Malnutrition from inadequate feed increases death losses, decreases calf and lamb crops and necessitates increased costs for supplemental feed. Livestock production on these depleted ranges accordingly has become precarious. The study of grazing capacity in the Northern Great Plains area of Montana has brought out that at least 30 acres of this type of range in reasonably good condition are required to support a cow through the year. Three-year-old cows with ample range forage weighed in early November an average of 979 pounds, or 91 pounds more than those that had been on heavily grazed range the previous 18 months. Calves from the cows having ample range feed averaged at weaning time, 28 pounds more per head than those from cows on heavily grazed range. The value of the greater weight of cattle on the more conservatively grazed range was more than sufficient to offset the increased rental cost of the additional area of range. Further analysis of the influences of climate and grazing upon black grama grass ranges in southern New Mexico indicate that it is possible to predict, from the rainfall of 1 year, whether in the following year there will be a greater stand available, or less. If the rainfall is above the normal, the stand of black grama will increase in the following year, and if it is below normal will decrease, regardless of the following summer's rainfall. The rainfall of each summer, however, largely determines the height growth of black grama on the existing stand. These findings are of great importance in planning stocking and sales of livestock to off-set the influence of drought--the arch enemy of profitable livestock production on semidesert ranges of the Southwest. GENERAL STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES Mr. CLAPP. The purpose of these investigations is to work out the best methods for producing and utilizing forage crops in forest lands, and to some extent we have been covering the range problem on nonforest lands in the West. We have been doing some work on the spring and fall and winter ranges in the intermountain country of Utah, Nevada, and southern Idaho, and one of the first things we have done there is to look over the entire situation rather comprehensively to find out in as concrete a way as possible to what extent the range has deteriorated. There is just one feature of that that I want to refer to before asking your permission to have Mr. Forsling, who is the director of our intermountain station, to tell you about this work. In order to get a comparison it has been necessary to find areas which have been protected, and one of the places where such areas exist is in the cemeteries. There is a very curious parallel here to what has happened in China. The natural vegetation over large parts of China has been destroyed, and about the only place that the natural growth can be found is in the Temple Forests or the cemeteries. That process in China has required centuries. Here on the western ranges, we have been more efficient. We have arrived at something of the same situation-not as extreme-in the course of something like 50 years. Now, with your permission, Mr. Chairman, I will ask Mr. Forsling to tell you a little about that work. Mr. SANDLIN. We shall be glad to hear from him. Mr. FORSLING. Mr. Clapp has referred to this study of the present condition on range lands outside the national forests in the intermountain region, which comprises, Nevada, Utah, southern Idaho, and a small portion of western Wyoming. This survey, which was |