Cambridge theology. Edmund Law It can hardly be doubted that the tendencies of theological thought in the university, throughout the Influence of the eighteenth century, were to a great extent main study on affected by the bias given to its studies. They were characterised by that spirit of common sense and those somewhat mediocre aims which prevailed in society at large, and also by that dislike of enthusiasm and of all beliefs which did not commend themselves to the practical reason, which especially distinguished the school of Sherlock, Edmund Law, and Paley. Appeals to the emotional nature on the part of the divine, and the setting up of too lofty ideals of life and conduct, whether in religion or in morality, were alike discouraged. These views found marked expression in the writand William ings of Edmund Law, originally a member of Christ's College, but who from 1756 to 1788 was master of Peterhouse, and from 1764 to 1769 professor of casuistry. In most respects he was an avowed disciple of Locke, whose influence is plainly manifest in his Considerations on the Theory of Religion, which he published in 1745. The work went through numerous editions, and although marred by some singular puerilities and defective critical knowledge, is notable as putting forward a philosophic conception of humanity, which it exhibits as subject to laws of development and divinely destined to be be continuously progressive. Among the young students of Christ's College was one whose merits Law seems early to have discerned, and whom he warmly befriended and aided. This was William Paley, who entered the college as a Paley. sizar, and became senior wrangler in 1763, and subsequently fellow and tutor of his college. His Moral and Political Philosophy was published in 1785, his Hora Paulina in 1790, his Evidences of Christianity in 1794, and his Natural Theology in 1802. In these writings, especially the first and last, the influence of his patron is frequently discernible; while the influence which they in turn exercised over the character and tendencies of Cambridge thought and education for nearly a century can scarcely be overestimated. Richard Watson, who was second wrangler in 1759, and afterwards Norrisian professor, and John Hey, who was senior wrangler in 1755, and was appointed Regius professor of divinity in 1771, were also divines of the same school. It was in no small measure as a reaction against this class of thinkers that the Evangelical school, the Rise of the Evangelical School: Berridge and the Milners. school of Toplady and John Newton, took its rise. That movement somewhat resembled the earlier Puritanism, although wanting alike its grandeur of conception and intellectual force. Berridge, a fellow of Clare Hall, was distinguished by his aversion from the new studies, declaring that the cultivation of human science involved the neglect of the Bible. The two Milners, however, represented a somewhat less narrow spirit. Joseph Milner, of Catherine Hall, who was gold medallist in 1766, published, between the years 1794 and 1812, his History of the Church of Christ. The work was modelled, it is said, on a Plan of Ecclesiastical History previously put forth by John Newton, and although the result of considerable 7 labour, was rendered almost worthless by the singular canon of treatment laid down by the writer, who declared at the outset his determination to recognise no elements save those which he regarded as genuinely religious. His uncritical deference to patristic authority was also another serious defect. Joseph's brother, Isaac, of Queens' College, who was senior wrangler in 1774, and subsequently president of his college and Lucasian professor of mathematics, held very similar views. Introduction for under In the year 1769 a change was made in the costume of the undergraduates. Down to that time they had worn round caps lined with black silk, of square caps and with a brim of black velvet for pengraduates. sioners, or black silk for sizars. At their own petition, they were now allowed to adopt a square cap, the duke of Grafton, who was chancellor, having given his consent, with the concurrence of the Heads. The innovation, which in the days of Cartwright and Whitgift would have thrown the whole university into an uproar, seems to have been effected in the quietest manner possible. tion of the University In the year 1796 there appeared the first University Calendar. Its publication was not official, but First publica- represented the private venture of one G. Mackenzie, a bachelor of arts of Trinity. In the preface he modestly characterises the volume as one which, it might be presumed, would be neither useless nor uninteresting to the members of the university.' 'The public,' he goes on to say, 'has not sufficiently been made acquainted with the emoluments to be obtained at the several colleges; 6 the principal object of the CAMBRIDGE CALENDAR is to supply this defect, by stating the number of the fellowships, scholarships, and exhibitions at each, with their respective endowments; to render which complete, a list of the livings belonging to each college is added, the values of which are taken from Bacon's Thesaurus.' In giving an outline of the origin of the university, Mackenzie inclines to the belief that it had been founded by one Cantaber, a Spaniard, about 370 years before Christ;' and he regards it as beyond dispute that it was restored by King Sigebert in the year 630. In the following year the volume was edited by J. Beverley, one of the esquires bedell. The project would seem to have been at first regarded with little favour by the authorities, and was but languidly supported by the university at large, for in 1798 the Calendar failed to appear. Isaac Milner, in his capacity as president of Queens', was uncourteous enough, on one occasion, to withhold the requisite information. But in 1799 the volume reappeared, and ever since that time has been published with due regularity, although never invested with official authority. The earlier editions were in paper boards, with a bluish-grey cover, bordered by a running pattern of arrow-heads. A comparison of the volume for 1887 with that of the first issue, ninety-one years before, brings home to us with singular force the remarkable progress of the university during the present century. CHAPTER XI. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CENTURY TO THE PRESENT TIME. Foundation of Downing College, 1800. THE commencement of the century saw the foundation of Downing College. Its founder, Sir George Downing, died in 1749, and, having no legitimate offspring, devised extensive estates in Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, and Suffolk to a cousin, with remainder in trust for other relatives. In the event of there being no succession, by issue, to these other relatives, the devised estates were to be appropriated to the foundation of a college in the university of Cambridge. The contingency contemplated having actually occurred, a charter was obtained in the year 1800 for the foundation of a college for students in law, physic, and other useful arts and learning, such college to be called Downing College, and to consist of a master, two professors, and sixteen fellows. In pursuance of these instructions, a site near Maid's Causeway, known as Doll's Close, was originally purchased, but was subsequently exchanged for the present grounds. In 1805 statutes were given for the college, which were superseded by another code in 1860. The carrying out of the entire scheme was attended with costly litigation, and only two sides of |