his advice against toleration in these remarkable words: ΑΠΕΡ ΗΚΙΣΤΑ ΜΟΝΑΡΧΙΑ ΣΥΜΦΕΡΕΙ; "as a thing by no means agreeing with arbitrary "power." And Tacitus informs us, the ufurper followed it. Thus, we fee, that the famous declaration of, ONE KING AND ONE RELIGION, is not a new maxim, for which we are indebted to French Politics.

So noble an original had the principle of INTOLERANCE and fo iniquitous are the adverfaries of our holy religion, to throw it upon the chriftian Faith; when it appears to have been the pure offspring of civil Tyranny; how well foever it may have been afterwards nurfed and fondled by fome Fathers of the Church.

Thus have I attempted to give a plain account of the general methods, ufed by ancient Policy to inculcate and fupport Religion. Were I to speak, as I once intended, of thofe which particular Lawgivers and Magiftrates employed for the ufe of their proper Societies, I fhould have it in my power to throw great light upon the argument. But this, though the most curious part of all, must be omitted at prefent, by reafon of its length. In the mean time, I prefume, more than enough hath been faid, even in thofe places which only fhew the Legiflator's care for religion in general, to prove the truth of the propofition, That, in the opinion of ancient policy, the doctrine of a future ftate of rewards and punishments was indifpenfably useful to civil Society: For having fhewn that the doctrine of a future ftate was an

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A&tum et de facris Ægyptiis Judaicifque pellendis: factumque patrum confultum, ut quatuor millia libertini generis ea fuperitione infecta, quis idonea ætas in infulam Sardiniam vcherentur, coercendis illic latrociniis, et fi ob gravitatem cœli interiffent, vile damnum: ceteri cederent Italia, nifi, certam ante diem profanos ritus exuiflent. Tac, Annal. 1. ii. c. 85.

infeparable

infeparable part of Pagan religion, and indeed the fole fupport of it, the proving their care for religion in general, proves their care for this doctrine in particular. Where, it is worth obferving, that, though the ancient Lawgivers deviated from truth, and differed from one another, even in the most important points, concerning property, marriage, dominion, etc. yet they unanimoufly agreed in owning the ufe, and propagating the belief of a future ftate of rewards and punishments: And what ftronger proof would any one defire of the neceffity of that doctrine to RELIGION and SOCIETY?

We now fee the clofe connection between Civil government and Religion. The following obfervation will ftill further explain the neceffity of this union.

That benevolent fpirit of Antiquity, defcribed above, which fet their Heroes upon polishing the barbarous manners of their fellow-creatures, and imparting to them the bleffings of CIVIL LIFE, as divine as it appears, hath yet been far exceeded by the charity of these later ages, which fends MISSIONARIES into the furtheft regions of the eat and weft, with the ineftimable bleffing of the glad tidings of the Gospel. But nothing is matter of more grief to serious men than the conftant ill fuccefs of fo

charitable an undertaking. Something fure muft have been greatly amifs, to defeat a design which all nature confpires to advance. This would be accounted for. Catholic (as they call themselves) and proteftant Miffionaries go promifcuously to either India. The Catholics have laboured moft in countries civilized; but, giving a commentitious fyftem for the gospel of Chrift, it is no wonder the Pagans fhould not be greatly difpofed to change old fables for new. And though the proteftant Miffionaries carry the genuine Gofpel with them into America, yet they preach it to Savages, with no better fuc

cefs.

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cefs. The reason feems to be because they are Savages, without Government or Laws; and confequently of very rude, uncultivated minds. Now Christianity, plain and fimple as it is, and fitted in its nature for what it was defigned by its author, requires an intellect above that of a mere Savage to understand. Something then must be previous to it. And what is that fomething but CIVIL SOCIETY? This is not at all to its difhonour. And if it hath fometimes happened, through the indefatigable labours of these Missionaries, both of the one and the other Communion, that numbers of favage converts have been made, they could never long preserve, or propagate amongst their tribes, the Chriflianity they had been taught: but their fucceffors have always found the work was to begin anew, and in a little time, nothing left of the other's labours to advance upon. And if what we have faid in this

An intelligent miffionary feemed to fee where the thing ftuck, when he fays, Pour ce qui eft des converfions, qu'on peut faire de ces gens la touchant l'Evangile, on ne fauroit faire aucun fond fur eux. Ces fauvages, de même que tous ceux de l'Amerique font fort peu difpofez aux lumieres de la foi, parce qu'ils font brutaux et ftupides, et que leurs mœurs font extremement corrompues, et oppofées au Chriftianisme. Nouvelle Decouv. dans

Ameriq. Sept. par le R. P. Louis Hennepin Miffionaire Recollect et Notaire Apoftolique, à Utr. 1697. p. 221. The corrupt manners of the favages here complained of, as indifpofing them to the Gofpel, we find, from this writer and others, are of fuch a kind as arife only from the want of civil government; and which civil government every where rectifies; fuch as rap'ne, cruelty, and promiscuous mixtures. Hans Egede, a Danish miffionary, who had been five and twenty years in Greenland, in his defcription of that country, fpeaks to the fame effect: "It is a "matter which cannot be questioned (fays this fenfible writer) "that, if you will make a man a Chriftian out of a mere favage " and wild man, you must first make him a reasonable man.→→→ "It would contribute a great deal to forward their converfion. "if they could, by degrees, be brought into a fettled way of life," etc. p. 211, 12.

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book be true, That religion cannot long fubfift without the aid of civil government, we are not to wonder at it: for, from hence, we conclude, they began at the wrong end and that to make our holy religion rightly understood, much more to propagate and perpetuate it, they fhould firft have taught these Savages the arts of life: from whence (befides the benefit of that previous knowledge abovementioned) would have refulted this further advantage, that men fo fenfibly obliged, would have given a more favourable attention to their benefactors. As it is, I am afraid thefe Savages obferving in the Miffionaries (and they have fenfe enough to obferve that the Europeans keep many things from them which it would be useful for them to know) a total disregard of their temporal concerns, would be hardly brought to think the matters preffed upon them of much importance, or the teachers greatly in earnest. The civilizing a barbarous people is in itself a work of fuch exalted charity, that to fee it neglected, when a far nobler end than the arts of life may be procured by it, is matter of the utmost astonishment. But it is partly owing to this, that many of both miffions have had too much of that fanaticism in their temper, which difpofes men to an utter contempt of worldly things they are therefore so far from preaching up the advantages of Society, and recommending civil Manners, that they are more difpofed to throw afide their own; and have recourfe to the dried fkins and parched corn of the Savages. While others of them,

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This juftice is due to the JESUITS, That they have been wifer in their attempts on PARAGUAY, and on the coaft of California; where they have brought the favage inhabitants to a love of agriculture and the mechanic arts. The miffion in California was founded at the expence of a certain marquis de Valero; for which the reverend perfon, whose name was permitted to be put to the Account of Lord Arfon's Voyage round the world, has fuffered the Marquis to be called a most magnificent Biot.

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BOOK II. of a colder turn, and lower form of fuperftition, having taken it into their heads, that the vices of improved life would more indifpoje the Indians to the precepts of the Gofpel, than their prefent brutality incapacitates them from comprehending the doctrines of it, have concluded it beft, upon the whole, to keep their eyes fhut to the advantages of civil life . But without doubt fo fatal a conduct arifes chiefly from the falfe and inhumane policy of the European Colonies, a policy common to every fect and profef fion, which makes them do all in their power to keep the natives in a favage ftate; as fufpecting that the neighbourhood of a civilized people would bè too unfriendly to their private interefts. However, this policy, as bad as it is, has yet fomething lefs

This is the fyftem of Charlevoix in the following paffage; which is well worth the reader's notice: After having spoken of the fhocking miferies attending the uncivilized condition of the Canadian favages, he goes on thus: Il faut néanmoins convenir que les chofes ont un peu changé fur tous ces points, depuis notre arrivée en ce pays; J'en ai même vû chercher à fe procurer des commodités, dont ils auront peut-être bientôt de la peine à fe paffer. Quelques-uns commencement auffi à prendre un peu plus leurs précautions pour ne pas fe trouver au depourvû, quand la chaffe leur manquera; et parmi ceux, qui font domiciliés dans la colonie, il y a bien peu à ajouter pour les faire arriver au point d'avoir un néceffaire raisonnable. Mais qu'il eft à craindre que, quand ils en feront là, ils n'aillent bientôt plus loin, et ne donnent dans un fuperfiu, qui les rende plus malheureux encore, qu'ils ne font prefentement dans le fein de la plus grand indigence. Ce ne fera pas au moins les mifionnaires, qui les expoferent à ce danger; perfuadés qu'ils eft moralement impoffible de bien prendre ce jufte milieu, et de s'y borner, ils ont beaucoup mieux aimé partager avec ces peuples ce qu'il y a de penible dans leur maniere de vivre, que de leur ouvrir les yeux fur les moyens d'y trouver des adouciffem ns. Aufli ceux-mêmes, qui font tous les jours temoins de leurs fouffrances, ont-ils encore bien de la peine à comprendre comment ils y peuvent refifter, d'autant plus qu'elles font fans reJache, et que toutes les faifons ont leurs incommodités particuhieres. Journal Hiftor. d'un voyage dans l'Ameriq. Septent. vol. vi. P. 57, 58.

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