An Effort Based Approach to Consonant Lenition

affricate analysis aperture appear apply approach approximants articulator articulatory assume assumption blocked Chapter characterization close closure clusters coda consonant constraint constriction cont context continuant contrastive coronal corresponding devoicing discussed displacement Dissertation distinction duration effects effort effort cost effort-based English environment example fact faithfulness Figure Finally flanking flapping Florentine force formal fortition fricatives further geminate stops gesture Grammar greater higher inalterability initial input intervocalic position involves Language LAZY lenition Linguistics lower medial Moreover nasal Note notion observation obstruents obtain occurs oral output partial particular pattern phonetic Phonology position predictable PRES presented Press presumably processes ranking reduction Reference relation relative release representation result rule segments singleton sonority sound specification speech spirantization strident Studies surface syllable Table Theory treatment typically underlying University values variation velar violation voiced voiceless vowel weak position