APPENDIX

To Page 120, Book II.

NIZAM-OOD-DEEN AHMED BUKSHY observes in his History that Feróze introduced many excellent laws, which were current in his time. Among others were the following regulations :-The first was the abolition of the practice of mutilating criminals-a mode of punishment which he would not allow to be inflicted on any of his subjects, Mahomedan or Hindoo; the second regulation limited very much the demand on cultivators, by which he increased not only the population but the revenue. He caused his regulations to be carved on the Musjid of Ferózabad, of which the following may be taken as a sample.

It has been usual in former times to spill Mahomedan blood on trivial occasions, and for small crimes to mutilate and torture them by cutting off the hands and feet and noses and ears, by putting out eyes, by pulverising the bones of the living criminal with mallets, by burning the body with fire, by crucifixion and by nailing the hands and feet, by flaying alive, by the operation of ham-stringing, and by cutting human beings to pieces. God, in His infinite goodness, having been pleased to confer on me the power, has also inspired me with the disposition, to put an end to these practices. It is my resolution, moreover, to restore, in the daily prayers offered up for the royal family, the names of all those princes, my predecessors, who have reigned over the empire of Dehly, in hopes that these prayers, being acceptable to God, may in some measure appease His wrath and ensure His mercy towards them. It is also hereby proclaimed that the small and vexatious taxes under the denomination of Cotwally, &c., payable to the public servants of Government, as perquisites of officers, by small traders; that licences for the right of pasturage from shepherds on waste lands belonging to the Crown; fees from flowersellers, fishsellers, cottoncleaners, silksellers, and cooks; and the precarious and fluctuating taxes on shopkeepers and vintners, shall henceforward cease throughout the realm; for it is better to relinquish this portion of the revenue than realise it at the expense of so much distress occasioned by the discretionary power necessarily invested in tax-gatherers and officers of authority; nor will any tax hereafter be levied contrary to the written law of "the book."

'It has been customary to set aside one-fifth of all property taken in

war for the troops, and to reserve four-fifths for the Government. It is hereby ordered that in future four-fifths shall be distributed to the troops, and one-fifth only reserved for the Crown. I will on all occasions cause to be banished from the realm persons convicted of the following crimes :-Those who profess Atheism or who maintain schools of vice; all public servants convicted of corruption, as well as persons paying bribes. I have myself abstained from wearing gaudy silk apparel and jewels, as an example to my subjects. I have considered it my duty to repair every public edifice of utility constructed by my predecessors such as caravanserais, musjids, wells, reservoirs of water, aqueducts, canals, hospitals, almshouses, and schools-and have alienated considerable portions of the revenue for their support. I have also taken pains to discover the surviving relatives of all persons who suffered from the wrath of my late lord and master, Mahomed Toghluk, and having pensioned and provided for them, have caused them to grant their full pardon and forgiveness to that prince, in the presence of the holy and learned men of their age, whose signatures and seals as witnesses are affixed to the documents, the whole of which, as far as lay in my power, have been procured and put into a box, and deposited in the vault in which Mahomed Toghluk is entombed. I have gone and sought consolation from all the most learned and holy men within my realm, and have taken care of them. Whenever my soldiers have been rendered inefficient for service by wounds or by age, I have caused them to be pensioned on full pay for life. Two attempts have been made to poison me, but without effect.'-Extract from History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India,' Briggs's 'Trans. of Ferishtta,' vol. i. pp. 162-164.

THE annual Statistical Abstract relating to British India' has been issued by the India Office:

It states that there are 910,853 square miles of territory under British administration, containing a population of 155,348,090 souls; the native States under the Government of India comprise (as far as can be ascertained) 646,147 square miles, with a population of 46,245,888; and the foreign States comprise 188 square miles under the French Government, with a population of 203,887, and 1,066 square miles under the Portuguese Government, with a population of 313,262. The total presents an area of 1,558,254 square miles, and a population f 202,111,127 souls. In those portions of British India for which the

occupations of the people are stated, not including Bengal (Lower Provinces) or Bombay, 60,000,000 among 102,000,000 are described as engaged in agriculture; 53,000,000 are males, 48,000,000 females; 78,000,000 are Hindoos, 17,000,000 Mahomedans, 1,700,000 are Parsees, Jains, and Buddhists; 1,000,000 are Sikhs, and 523,875 Christians, 57,421 of these being Europeans. The gross revenue of British India for the year ending March 31, 1869, was 49,262,6917., and the gross expenditure in India and England, 53,407,3347., leaving a deficiency of 4,144,6437.; the public debt amounted to 102,866,1897., and the interest upon it to 5,025,0147. Revenue, expenditure, debt, and interest are all higher than in any other of the ten years, 1860–69, included in this little volume of statistics. The imports into British India by sea in the financial year 1868-69, including treasure, amounted in value to 50,943,1917., and the exports to 53,706,830. The imports of merchandise amounted to 35,793,767.; among them were cotton goods, 15,483,476/.; cotton twist and yarn, 2,531,6567.; metals, manufactured and unmanufactured, 3,211,408/.; metal manufactures, 451,379.; railway materials, 1,526,780.; machinery, 730,2951.; raw silk, 703,840.; silk goods, 381,8367.; woollen goods, 722,2627.; apparel, 483,5517.; jewellery and precious stones, 370,6377.; salt, 683,455l. The exports included raw cotton of the value of 19,707,8771.; cotton goods, twist and yarns, 1,329,9447.; opium, 10,695,6547.; dyes, 3,023,146/.; grain and pulse, 2,650,8987.; jute, and jute manufactures, 2,070,2421.; raw silk, 1,269,468l.; seeds, 1,927,989/.; coffee, 1,111,0277.; hides and skins, 1,230,932.; tea, 974,519.; ivory and ivory ware, 224,8027.; saltpetre, 310,757. The moneys coined at the mints of the several presidencies in the year amounted to 5,457,0837., almost all silver. The Government currency notes in circulation averaged 10,145,533l.; the reserve in coin, 6,618,1917. The expenditure on public works sanctioned by the Government in the year 1868-69 was 7,040,000l.viz., 2,400,000l. on military works, 829,3217. on civil buildings, 2,561,505/. on public improvements, and 1,249,174/. on establishments, tools, plant, &c. The expenditure by the Government on schools and colleges in the year was 590,4527.; the average attendance of pupils reached 757,767, in schools and colleges belonging to or aided by the Government. The number of letters and newspapers transmitted through the post-office of British India in the year reached 74,664,817 -a great advance on previous years. The troops employed in British India in the year were 184,858-64,858 being Europeans and 120,000 natives. The number of emigrants embarked from British India is stated at 13,358-6,377 proceeding to the West Indies, 5,014 to British Guiana, and 1,967 to Mauritius. Railway progress has already been reported by Mr. Juland Danvers.-Homeward Mail, August 19, 1870.

ABD-EL-RUZZAK, his journal kept in | Abhy Singh, Rajah, supersedes Sur Boo-