year he took silk. He was returned to parliament in the liberal interest for the city of Oxford in 1837, but declined to seek reelection in 1841. He never spoke in the house, but voted steadily with his party. He was appointed counsel to the Bank of England in 1844, and became serjeant-at-law the same year. He accepted a puisne judgeship of the common pleas from Lord Lyndhurst in 1845, being then knighted, was transferred to the queen's bench in the following year, and on 24 June 1859 succeeded Cockburn (raised to the lord chief justiceship of England) as lord chief justice of the common pleas, being at the same time sworn of the privy council. He retired in 1866. On the last occasion of his sitting in court (26 Nov.) the attorneygeneral, Sir John Rolt, on behalf of the bar, expressed his sense of the great qualities of which Erle had given proof during his tenure of office, in terms so eulogistic that the judge, though naturally somewhat reserved and undemonstrative, was visibly moved. He was regarded as what lawyers call a 'strong' judge, i.e. he exhibited the power of rapidly grasping the material facts of a case, and coming to a decided conclusion upon their legal effect. There is no doubt that he aimed at strict impartiality, but at the same time he was very tenacious of his own opinion. His chief characteristic was masculine sense, his mind was lacking in flexibility and subtlety. His elocution was deliberate even to monotony, and his accent was slightly tinged with provincialism. His personal appearance was that of a country gentleman, his complexion being remarkably fresh and ruddy, his eyes keen and bright. He was a member of the Trades Union Commission of 1867, and appended to the report of the commissioners, published in 1868, a memorandum on the law relating to trades unions, which he published separately in the following year. It consists of two chapters treating respectively of the common and the statute law relating to the subject, and an appendix on certain leading cases and statutes, and is a very lucid exposition of the law as it then stood. During the rest of his life Erle resided chiefly at his modest seat, Bramshott, near Liphook, Hampshire, interesting himself in parochial and county affairs. Though no sportsman he was very fond of horses, dogs, and cattle. He died on 28 Jan. 1880, leaving no issue. Except the work above referred to, 'The Law relating to Trades Unions,' 1869-80, he seems to have written nothing.

[Times, 30 Jan. 1880, p. 10; Cat. Oxford Graduates; Inns of Court Calendar, 1878; Law Mag. and Review, 4th ser. v. 191; Law Times, Ixiii. 268; Solicitors' Journal, xxiv. 274.] J. M. R.

ERNEST AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF YORK AND ALBANY (1674-1728), the fifth son of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, by the Princess Sophia, and therefore brother to George I, was born on 17 Sept. 1674. He was trained as a soldier, and served with some distinction under the emperor. Visiting England after the accession of his brother, he was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster on 29 June 1716, and was, together with his great-nephew Frederick, afterwards Prince of Wales, elected a knight of the Garter. He returned to Germany, and resided there as Prince Bishop of Osnaburg, which title was conferred on him 2 March 1716, till his death, which took place in 1728. The fact of his existence was scarcely known to the majority of the British nation.

[Noble's Continuation of Granger, iii. 9; Historical Account of George Lewis, king of Great Britain.]

A. V.

ERNEST AUGUSTUS, DUKE of CumBERLAND and KING OF HANOVER (17711851), fifth son of George III and Queen Charlotte, born at Kew on 5 June 1771, was baptised at St. James's Palace by Archbishop Cornwallis on 1 July following. His sponsors were Prince Ernest of MecklenburgStrelitz, from whom he received his name, Prince Maurice of Saxe-Gotha, and the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse-Cassel. He was educated at Kew with his younger brothers, and his first tutors were the Rev. G. Cookson, afterwards canon of Windsor, and Dr. Hughes, who regarded him as a far more promising lad than his brothers. He was destined by his father from the first to be the commander-in-chief of the Hanoverian army, and in 1786 he was sent to the university of Göttingen with his younger brothers. Among his teachers at Göttingen were Heyne, the classical scholar, and General Malortie, who was his tutor in military subjects.

Before leaving England Prince Ernest was installed a knight of the Garter on 2 June 1786, and on completing his education in 1790 he was gazetted a lieutenant in the 9th Hanoverian hussars, of which regiment he was appointed lieutenant-colonel in 1793. His military training was superintended by Lieutenant-general Baron Linsingen, and on the outbreak of war in 1793 his regiment was sent to the front with a division of the Hanoverian army under the command of General Walmoden. Prince Ernest served with the Hanoverians through the campaigns of 1793 and 1794 in Belgium and the north-west of France. In the campaign of 1793 the Hanoverians were generally kept in reserve, but in 1794 the Duke of York was obliged to make

600.10. ry Mathstick Makine MUHA mate Noterande pontem extent. He wem quires an vingartank ish jeme quay Re wowd of the Vrition of Waite, and in the 10 of Sorde he showed himself a clear, if not, very eloquent, speaker and a ready de bober. Howwen.constant attendant at debates, and soom obtained much weight in the councils of his party. From the fret, he took his place new fóry partiaan and a supporter of the protestant religion. His first speech in parliament, was delivered in opposition to the Adul

vy pay decreed, and democratie Mon Calera dud mot besitate to answer the def DOR DE SÍNAR Lnd even to hint that be really In 1913 Henry White Wit Mentenged to then maths' imprisonment and a fize of 2001 for pushing this

In the shom campaign of 1806, under Lord Cathsar 1755-183) (q. v., the dake commanded a Hanoverian division, and after the battle of Leipzig, at which he was present as a spectator, he took over the electorate of Hanover in his father's name, and raised a fresh Hanoverian army, at the head of which he served during the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 in France. At the opening of the campaign of 1813 Cumberland was promoted to be a field-marshal in the British army, and in January 1815 he was made a G.C.B. on the

extension of the order of the Bath. It now became apparent that the duke might possibly succeed to the throne of England. He accordingly married at Strelitz on 29 May 1815 his cousin, Frederica Caroline Sophia Alexandrina, daughter of the Duke of MecklenburgStrelitz, and widow of Prince Frederick of Prussia and of Prince Frederick of SolmsBraunfels. This marriage, solemnised according to the rites of the English church on 29 Aug. 1815 at Carlton House, received the consent of the prince regent, but was most obnoxious to Queen Charlotte, who until the end of her life absolutely refused to receive the Duchess of Cumberland. It was not popular among the English people, who were prejudiced against the duke, and even the tory House of Commons refused to grant him the increase in his income, from 18,000l. to 24,000l. a year, which was subsequently granted to the Dukes of Clarence, Kent, and Cambridge.

The accession of the prince regent as George IV greatly increased Cumberland's power. His influence over the king was only rivalled by that of the Marchioness of Conyngham, and Greville's 'Journals' show how that influence was consistently maintained. The duke had the power of a strong mind over a weak one, and this influence, always exercised in the tory interest, caused him to be absolutely loathed by the radical journalists. Yet he sought no wealth or honour for himself, and the only appointment he received was in January 1827, the colonelcy of the royal horse guards (the blues). The death of the Princess Charlotte, and then that of the Duke of York, brought him nearer to the throne, and his policy was closely watched. He opposed the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts with vigour, and when the Catholic Emancipation Bill was introduced into the House of Lords he said: 'I will act as I believe my sainted father would wish me to act, and that is to oppose to the utmost the dangerous measure, and to withdraw all confidence from the dangerous men who are forcing it through parliament.'

The accession of William IV put an end to Cumberland's influence on English politics. One of the first measures of the new reign was the placing of the royal horse guards under the authority of the commander-inchief of the army. This measure was contrary to old precedent. Cumberland regarded it as a personal insult to himself, and at once resigned the colonelcy of the blues. He continued to attend regularly in the House of Lords, and energetically opposed the Reform Bill of 1832, the Municipal Cor

porations Reform Bill, and the new poor law. This conduct made the duke still more obnoxious to the radical press and to the whig statesmen, and in 1832 a pamphleteer named Joseph Phillips published the statement that the general opinion was that his royal highness had been the murderer of his servant Sellis.' The duke prosecuted the pamphleteer, who was immediately found guilty by the jury without retiring, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. Lord Brougham in the House of Lords went nearly as far, and deliberately called him to his face the illustrious duke-illustrious only by courtesy.' William IV did not hesitate to insult his brother also, and in 1833, full of reforming ardour, he granted a liberal constitution to his Hanoverian dominions, which was drawn up by Professor Dahlmann. This constitution was submitted by the king to his brothers, the Duke of Sussex and the Duke of Cambridge, who was governing Hanover as viceroy, but it was not even laid before Cumberland, the heir presumptive to the throne of Hanover. A further accusation was made openly in the House of Commons. The duke had been since 1817 grand master of the Irish Orangemen, and he was accused of making use of this position to pose as the defender of protestantism, and to tamper with the loyalty of the army. These accusations were only set at rest by the duke's categorical denial, and by the assistance he rendered in suppressing the whole of the Orange societies at the request of the government.

Upon the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne of England, the duke, under the regulations of the Salic law, succeeded to the German dominions of his family as King Ernest I of Hanover. He first took the oath of allegiance to the queen as an English peer, and then started for Hanover, where he took over the administration of his new kingdom from the Duke of Cambridge, who had acted as viceroy during the two preceding reigns. He at once cancelled the constitution, which had been granted by William IV, and assumed absolute power, a proceeding which drew down upon him the hatred of the liberal parties, both in England and in Hanover. The Hanoverian radicals conspired against him and projected open rebellion, and in the English House of Commons Colonel Perronet Thompson proposed that he should be deprived of his right to succeed to the throne if Queen Victoria should die. The fact that he was the next heir to the throne was the reason which urged the whig cabinet to hurry on the queen's marriage; and King Ernest, who had commenced his reign by quarrelling with the queen about the Hanover crown

appears that the mate of the mazi remaded the same through at le lk. He THE LUITSATTEL wi is TURA IN Ve summed in the wiris of

an N. vile were quited to M: WLIKE IT IMLI WELSHT: Emest is not a bad fellw, barn fasy toe has a porn he s Of all the scas if George Ill be was the che wir had the shoes all the best intellet, und gates

Kidz Emest died in 18 Mr. 151 els palace of Herrenhausen at the age of eighty, and was buzed re the with smokk the the Versal grief of his people. I have my obe Seening to my body being exposed to the new of my loni subjectal be wrote in his

that they may cast a last look at me, who never had any other object or wah than to contribute to their welfare and happiness,

* a the sondar ནས 1:|:|:ཀྱི ན པ ཀྱི ག ས ད ད ILLIS SCETAT LATINg the Missibe for LATURATIE MÕTLITARY CÓ 28 strating But se i via the locder pecasioned by certo my elements in the bruse we are Hot to pass the precise caused Emalf si ni tơ đền. He masalted his old master LATER, DT It is implied archbushe te Cantement, who recommended him to come : England • qua ide at Beatrals animan SZ STL are posset." So to Currency, some time after 1973, he came, and dwelt with the monks of Christ Church do all the days of Lanfrina wiɔ ded in lies and was made pe by Archbishop Ansel Hewanefill for the fabric of the mathein and amried in Anselm's work, during his exile, of rebuilding the choir on a much extended and far grander plan than the previous structure of Lanfrane. The new chair was distinguished by its splendour of marbles and paintings, and of glass such as could nowhere else be seen in England.