CHAPTER III.

Improvement of the Criminal Code-Sir J. Mackintosh's Bill for the Miti-

gation of the Punishment of Forgery; the Solicitor-General' opposes it;

the Second and Third Readings of it carried in the Commons; it is lost

there-Bills for taking away Capital Punishment from Stealing in Dwelling-

Houses, and on Navigable Rivers, rejected in the Lords-Bill for allowing

Prisoners accused of Felony to be Defended by Counsel-Mr. Kennedy's

Bill for Removing Defects in the Constitution of Scotch Juries-Irish Law

of Treason-Result of the Inquiry into the State of English Courts of

Justice-Constitutional Association : Origin of it: Mr. Brougham attacks

it: Mr. Whitbread's Motion on it-The Conduct of Judge Best-Sir F.

Burdett's Motion for Inquiry into the Events of the 16th of August, 1820,

at Manchester-The Conduct of the Bishop of Peterborough
[52

CHAPTER IV.

Agricultural Distress-A Committee appointed on the Motion of Mr. Gooch

-The Corn Averages-State of Manufactures-Mr. Baring's Proposition

with respect to the Currency-Cash Payments Bill-Lord Liverpool's View

of the increased Consumption of the Country-Lords' Report on Foreign

Trade-Alteration of the Duties on imported Timber-The proposed Re-

vision and Modification of our Commercial Code-Mr. Owen's Plan-Mr.

Scarlett's Poor Laws Bill

[66

-

CHAPTER V.

Finance Mr. Hume's Labours to effect Retrenchment-His Motions with

respect to the Army, Navy, and Ordnance Estimates-His proposed Re-

trenchments with respect to Receivers-general and Distributors of Stamps;

Committee appointed to inquire into that Subject-Mr. Western obtains

leave to bring in a Bill to repeal certain Duties on Malt: The Bill re-

jected on the second Reading-The Agricultural Horse Duty repealed-

The Budget-Mr. Hume's Motion for an Address recommending Re-

trenchment-Mr. Bankes proposes an Amendment-A similar Address

carried in the House of Lords
[84

CHAPTER VI.

Foreign relations-Various Motions respecting the Affairs of Naples-Mr.

S. Wortley's Motion respecting the Declaration of Laybach-Lord W.

Bentinck's Motion concerning Sicily--The State of the Slave Trade, and

the backwardness of the Governments of Europe in abolishing that Traffic

-Administration of the Ionian Islands
[101

CHAPTER VII.

Prorogation of Parliament-The Queen's Claim to Participate in the Co-

ronation-Her Illness and Death-Her Funeral; the Tumults attending it

-The King's Visit to Ireland-Disturbances in Ireland

[123

CHAPTER VIII.

France. Coalition between the Ministry and part of the Côte Droit-

Finances Estimated Expenditure; Ways and Means-Bank of France-

French Navy-Proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies with respect to the

Slave Trade-Discussions on the Affairs of Naples-The Censorship-Re-

gulations of Colleges-Ecclesiastical Arrangements-Repeal of the Addi-

tional Tonnage on American Ships-Trials for Treason in the Chamber

of Peers-Explosion in the Tuilleries-Disturbances at Lyons and Gre-

noble-Religious Fanaticism-Death of Bonaparté-Dissensions in the

Ministry-Resignation of the Chiefs of the Côte Droit-New Elections-

Precautions on the Spanish Frontier-Trials for Political Offences - [130

CHAPTER IX.

Netherlands.--Expedition against Palembang-Slave Trade-The Estates-

Trials-Sweden-The Conduct of the Norwegian Storthing-Their Mea-

sures for the Abolition of Nobility-The King's endeavour to obtain a

Compromise-Proceedings with respect to the Prolongation of the Session

-Firm Conduct of the King-Close of the Session-Germany-The Diet

-Constitution of the Federal Army-Dispute between Anhalt, Koethen,

and Prussia-Appeal to the Diet-Compromise of the Dispute-New Re-

gulations for the Navigation of the Elbe.-Prussia.-Finance-Conspiracy

in Pomerania-Restraints on the Press-Commission for a Constitution-

Hanover.-State of the Administration of Justice-Improvements in it-

Changes in the Administration of Criminal Justice-Change in that of Civil

Justice-Visit of the King to Hanover.-Cassel.-Death of the Elector-His

Character-Dispute with the Purchasers of National Domains.-Darmstadt.

-Plans of Commercial Policy-German West Indian Company.-Saxony.-

Proceedings of the College of Representatives of Towns.--Weimar.-The

Opposition of the Estates to the Publicity of their Proceedings-The Right

of the Grand Duke to Remove Public Servants.-Wirtemberg.-Proceedings

against one of the Representatives for Libel.-Bavaria.-Cures of Prince

Hohenlohe-Austria.

[147

CHAPTER X.

Spain.-State of Parties in Spain-Address of the Permanent Deputation of

the Cortes to the King; His Reply-Disturbances in Saragossa, Cadiz, and

Madrid-Abuela's Attempt to excite Insurrection-Arrest of Vinuesa-

Consequent Agitation of Madrid-Insults to the King-Quarrel between

his Body Guards and the Mob-Supposed Plots-Alleged nature of

Vinuesa's Plot-Meeting of the Cortes-King's Speech-Debates and Pro-

ceedings in consequence of it-New Ministry-Merino's Insurrection-

Proceedings of the Cortes with respect to the Affairs of Naples-Law for

the Punishment of Political Offences-Popular Disturbances-Murder of

Vinuesa-Tumults in Madrid-Promotion of Morillo-Proceedings of the

Cortes-Sentence of Elio-The Relations between Spain and the Court of

Rome-Plans with respect to America-Insurrections and Conspiracies—

Conclusion of the Session of the Cortes-Disturbed State of Madrid-

Steps preparatory to the Meeting of the extraordinary Cortes-Violent

Disturbances in Madrid-Morillo's Resignation-Plot for the Establish-

ment of a Republic-Riego's Disgrace-Agitation produced by these

Events-Libels on Foreign Governments-Preparatory Sittings of the ex-

traordinary Cortes-Opening of the extraordinary Cortes-New Division

of Spain-Distracted State of the Country, and unpopularity of the

Ministry-Cadiz, Seville, and other Towns, refuse to obey the Ministers

or the Functionaries appointed by them-Representation from Cadiz in

Justification of these Proceedings-Measures of the Cortes-Effect of the

weak Conduct of the Cortes-Barcelona follows the Example of Cadiz

-State of Spain at the end of the Year-Her Finances-The Plague. [170

CHAPTER XI.

Portugal.-Installation of the Cortes-Prerogative of the Crown-British

Officers-Amnesty-Various Decrees-Arrival of the King-His Recep-

tion by the Cortes-Law of the Liberty of the Press-Ministry-Dis-

cussions in the Cortes-Increase of Duties on British Woollens-Bank-

Quarrel of the Austrian Chargé d'Affaires with the Government-The

Austrian and Russian Envoys quit Portugal-Brazils—Revolutions at Para

-Bahia-Pernambuco-Rio de Janeiro-Further Disturbances at Per-

[207

nambuco-Monte Video

CHAPTER XII.

Naples. Accusation of Count Zurlo and the Duke of Campo Chiaro-Sir

William A'Court's assurance of Neutrality-Congress at Laybach-Dissent

of England from the Proceedings of the Sovereigns-Their Resolution to

invade Naples-Ebullitions of Patriotism at Naples-Comparative Situation

of the Neapolitans and Austrians-Indifference of the Neapolitan People

-Inertness of the Administration-Miserable State of the Neapolitan

Preparations-Advance of the Austrians-Military Operations on the

Frontier-Dispersion of the Neapolitan Army-Subsequent Movements of

the Austrians--Proceedings at Naples-Capitulation of Naples-Dissolution

of the Parliament-Anti-revolutionary Decrees-Return of Ferdinand to

Sicily-Neapolitan Loan.-Piedmont.-Plots in Turin-SpanishConstitution

proclaimed at Alessandria-Revolution in Turin-Abdication of the King-

Provisional Government-The New King disavows the late Proceedings-

General Indifference of the Country to the late Changes, and especially of

Savoy-Revolution in Genoa-Flight of the Prince of Carignano-Advance

of the Austrian and Royal Piedmontese Army-The Royal Army enters

Turin-Decrees for the Restoration of Tranquillity-Amnesty-Entry of

Charles Felix-Treaty of Novara-Florence-Trials of the Carbonari in.

Austrian Italy
[222

CHAPTER XIII.

Russia. Her Finances-Embassy to Bucharia-Encroachments on the

Western Coast of America-Her General European Policy-Turkey.—

Ali Pacha-Insurrections in Wallachia and Moldavia-Conduct of Russia

-Insurrection in Greece-State of Constantinople-Proceedings there-

Suppression of the Insurrection in Moldavia and Wallachia-Interference

of Russia in behalf of the Greeks-Propositions of Russia-Strogonoff's

Behaviour-His Departure-Answer of the Porte to the Russian Propo-

sitions-Naval Superiority of the Greeks-War in the Morea-Operations

against Ali Pacha and in Epirus-Ionian Islands-Persian Hostilities-

Morocco-Expedition of the Pacha of Egypt into Æthiopia, and final Ex-

tirpation of the Mamelukes

[245

CHAPTER XIV.

United States.-Formal Occupation of the Floridas-New Territory Purchased

-A Colony sent out to Africa-Admission of Missouri into the Union-

-The President's Message-The State of the Finances-Reports of Com-

mittees.-Columbia.-Renewal of Hostilities-Military Operations-Battle

of Carabobo-Surrender of La Guayra and Carthagena---Congress of

Columbia.--Mexico.--Insurrection---Mexican Independence acknowledged

by the Treaty of Cordova-Iturbide's Entry into the Capital.-Buenos

Ayres.-Death of Ramirez, Guernes, and Carrera--Administration of

Rivadavia.-Peru.--Operations of the Fleet under Lord Cochrane-Seizure

of British Ships-San Martin's Operations-Defeat of Riccafort-

Armistice-Lima evacuated by the Spaniards-Declaration of Peruvian

Independence--Decrees of San Martin---Surrender of Callao---Hayti—

---Piracies-Canada-Newfoundland--Military Operations in India and

Arabia

[258