The earle Douglas taken

prisoner.

[Hol. iii. 523/2/46.] To conclude, the kings enimies were vanquished, and put to flight; in which flight, the earle of Dowglas, for hast, falling from the crag of an hie mounteine, brake one of his cullions, and was taken, and for his valiantnesse, of the king frankelie and freelie deliuered.

VII. THE SECOND PART OF KING HENRY IV.

The Second part of Henrie the fourth is separated from the preceding play by a historic interval of nearly two years, which elapsed between the battle of Shrewsbury (July 21, 1403) and Archbishop Scrope's rebellion (May-June, 1405). Dramatic action pauses while Morton is speeding to the Earl of Northumberland with the news of Hotspur's defeat and death. The historic period dramatized in the two Parts of Henry IV. closes with Henry V.'s coronation on April 9, 1413.

Act I. sc. i.-For the brief space of time filled by Morton's warning -that a "speedy power" (1. 133) has been sent against Northumberland-historic and dramatic dates coincide. Though Sir Robert Waterton-not Prince John-was Westmoreland's colleague, we may fairly identify the "power" spoken of by Morton with the "armie" which, as the ensuing passage shows, was 'got on foot' to meet Northumberland.

[Hol. iii. 524/1/3.] The earle of Northumberland was now marching forward with great power, which he had got thither, either to aid his sonne and brother (as was thought) or at the least towards the king, to procure a peace; but the earle of Westmerland, and sir Robert Waterton, knight, had got an armie on foot, and meant to meet him. The earle of Northumberland, against the taking neither of them to be his freend, turned suddenlie backe, Northumber and withdrew himselfe into Warkewoorth castell.

The earle of
Westmer-

land raiseth

a power

carle of

land.

Northumberland's submission, however, averted a battle, and peace was restored until he gave countenance to Archbishop Scrope's revolt in 1405.

Act I. sc. iii.-Archbishop Scrope and his fellow-conspirators discuss their chances of success, and resolve to move at once, without waiting for Northumberland. Nothing in this scene admits of historical comment except Hasting's report (11. 70-73) that the King's

The third power is commanded by Prince John 1 and Westmoreland, the King and Prince Henry will encounter the Welsh, but "no certaine notice" has been obtained of the leader who will oppose the French (11. 82-85).

Shakspere seems to have antedated some assistance rendered by the French to Glendower in the summer of 1405, after Archbishop Scrope's revolt had been suppressed. About this time 2

The marshall Mõtmerācie sent to aid

Glendower.

[Hol. iii. 531/1/8.] the French king had appointed one of the Hall. marshals of France, called Montmerancie, and the master of his crosbowes, with twelue thousand men, to saile into Wales to aid Owen Owen Glendouer. They tooke shipping at Brest, and, hauing the wind prosperous, landed at Milford hauen, with an hundred and fourtie ships, as Thomas Walsingham saith; though Enguerant de Monstrellet maketh mention but of an hundred and twentie.

Failing to capture Haverfordwest,

They met at Denbigh.]

Glendower

[Hol. iii. 531/1/37.] they departed towards the towne of Denbigh, where they found Owen Glendouer abiding for their comming, with ten thousand of his Welshmen. Here were the Frenchmen ioifullie receiued of the Welsh rebels, and so, when all The suburbs things were prepared, they passed by Glamorganshire towards Worcester, and there burnt the suburbes: but, hearing of the kings approch, they suddenlie returned towards Wales.

Act II. sc. iii.-Moved by the prayers of his wife and daughter-inlaw the Earl of Northumberland determines to seek refuge for a while in Scotland, though he would fain "go to meete the Archbishop' (1. 65). But the historical fact is that Scrope was executed before Henry marched against Northumberland, who,

[Hol. iii. 530/2/35.] hearing that his counsell was bewraied, and his confederats brought to confusion, through too much hast of the archbishop of Yorke, with three hundred horsse got him to Berwike. The king comming forward quickelie, wan the castell of

1 Wrongly styled "Duke of Lancaster" (1. 82) by Shakspere. This title was borne by Henry Prince of Wales.-Rot. Parl., iii. 428/1.

2 In a writ addressed to the Sheriff of Hereford, and dated from Pomfret Castle, "vii die Augusti" [1405], Henry says that the arrival of the French at Milford Haven "ad nostrum jam noviter pervenit intellectum."-Rymer, viii. 405. The French embarked about the end of July, 1405. When the wind favoured them, they set sail, and landed at Milford Haven.-St. Denys, iii. 328. According to Chron. Normande (370), they sailed on July 22, 1405, and remained in Wales until November 1 next following.

of Worcester

burnt.

[The French

and Welsh

retreated when Henry approached.

Northumber

The earle of Warkewoorth. Wherevpon the earle of Northumberland, not thinking himselfe in suertie at Berwike, fled with the lord Berdolfe into Scotland, where they were receiued of Dauid lord Fleming.1

land (and Lord Bardolph fled to Scotland.]

Owen

Glendover endeth his life in great miserie.

Act III. sc. i.-A note of time occurs at 1. 60, which, if we could ignore historic and dramatic contradictions, would enable us to say that the Third Act opens in 1407. Henry calls to mind how “ eight yeares since," that is, in 1399,-Northumberland had been his trustiest friend. Yet this memory presents itself in the historical year 1405, before the end of Archbishop Scrope's rebellion was known. We need not, however, concern ourselves about years, for but a few dramatic days have elapsed since the battle of Shrewsbury. Chronology being thus travestied, the news that "Glendour is dead" (1. 103) is not liable to question because he survived Henry; nor is anything gained if we accept the erroneous date3 given in the following excerpt:

2

[Hol. iii. 536/1/1.] The Welsh rebell Owen Glendouer made an end of his wretched life in this tenth yeare [1408-9] of king Henrie his reigne; being driuen now in his latter time (as we find recorded) to such miserie, that, in manner despairing of all comfort, he fled into desert places and solitarie caues; where, being destitute of all releefe and succour, dreading to shew his face to anie creature, and finallie lacking meat to susteine nature, for meere hunger and lacke of food, [he] miserablie pined awaie and died.

Act IV. scc. i.-ii.-From the ensuing passages were derived the scenes in which the suppression of Archbishop Scrope's revolt is dramatized. Before the rebellion broke out "the king was minded to haue gone into Wales against the Welsh rebels, that, vnder their cheefteine Owen Glendouer, ceassed not to doo much mischeefe still against the English subiects" (Hol. iii. 529/1/51).

1 Northumberland sealed a letter written at Berwick-upon-Tweed on June 11, 1405.-Rot. Parl., iii. 605/1. Before his flight he delivered Berwick to the Scots.-Ott., 257. In the same month of June, ere Henry reached Berwick, the Scots burnt the town and retreated.-Rot. Parl., iii. 605/2. Ott., 257. 2 T-A., 285.

On

3 Pennant says, without citing any authority, that Glendower died on September 20, 1415.-Tour in Wales, 1778, p. 368. But in the following year Sir Gilbert Talbot was licensed to receive Glendower's submission. February 24, 1416, powers were granted by Henry V. "ad Communicandum & Tractandum cum Meredith ap Owyn, Filio Owyni de Glendourdy, de & super certis Materiis, praefato Gilberto per Nos injunctis & declaratis, Et tam ad praedictum Owinum, quàm alios Rebelles nostros Wallenses, ad Obedientiam & Gratias nostras, si se ad eas petendum optulerint, nomine nostro Admittendum & Recipiendum," Rymer, ix. 330, 331. Mr. Gairdner wrote to me: "But his [Glendower's] obit was no doubt observed in some churches in Wales, by which the day of his death would have been long preserved, while the year, I take it, was a mere false inference on Pennant's part."

4 new con

spiracie

against king the earl of others.

Henrie by

Northumberland &

[Hol. iii. 529/1/56.] But at the same time, to his further disquieting, there was a conspiracie put in practise against him at home by the earle of Northumberland, who had conspired with Richard Scroope, archbishop of Yorke, Thomas Mowbraie, earle marshall, sonne to Thomas duke of Norfolke, (who for the quarrell betwixt him and king Henrie had beene banished, as ye haue heard,) the lords Hastings, Fauconbridge,1 Berdolfe, and diuerse others. It was appointed that they should meet altogither with their whole power, vpon Yorkeswold, at a daie assigned, and that the earle of Northumberland should be cheefteine; promising to bring with him a great number of Scots. The archbishop, accompanied with the earle marshall, deuised certeine articles of such matters, as it was supposed that not onelie the commonaltie of the Realme, but also the nobilitie found themselues greeued with: which articles they shewed first vnto such of their adherents as were neere about them, & after sent them abroad to their freends further off; assuring them that, for redresse of such oppressions, commons.] they would shed the last drop of blood in their bodies, if need

were.

The archbishop, not meaning to staie after he saw himselfe accompanied with a great number of men, that came flocking to Yorke to take his part in this quarrell, foorthwith discouered his enterprise; causing the articles aforesaid to be set vp in the publike streets of the citie of Yorke, and vpon the gates of the monasteries, that ech man might vnderstand the cause that mooued him to rise in armes against the king: the reforming whereof did not yet apperteine vnto him. Herevpon, knights, esquiers, gentlemen, yeomen, and other of the commons, as well of the citie townes and countries about, being allured either for desire of change, or

3

1 In Rot. Parl., iii. 604/1, John "Fauconberge," Ralph Hastings, and John "Colvyle de Dale," are styled "Chivalers."

2 With "they would shed the last drop of blood in their bodies," cp. Mowbray's threat (IV. ii. 43, 44) that, if the articles were rejected,

we ready are to trie our fortunes,

To the last man."

3 Westmoreland, addressing the Archbishop, denies the "neede of any such redresse" as Scrope speaks of, and adds (IV. i. 98): "Or if there were, it not belongs to you."

Northum promised to with a

berland

join them

number of Scots.

Scrope

devised

articles

setting

forth the

grievances

of the

nobility and

The archbishop in

armor.

The estimation which men had of the archbishop of Yorke.

Westmer

land and the

lord John of Lancaster the kings smne prepare themselues to

else for desire to see a reformation in such things as were mentioned in the articles, assembled togither in great numbers; and the archbishop, comming foorth amongst them clad in armor,1 incouraged, exhorted, and (by all meanes he could) pricked them foorth to take the enterprise in hand, and manfullie to continue in their begun purpose; promising forgiuenesse of sinnes to all them, whose hap it was to die in the quarrell: and thus not onelie all the citizens of Yorke, but all other in the countries about, that were able to beare weapon, came to the archbishop, and the earle marshall. In deed, the respect that men had to the archbishop caused them to like the better of the cause, since the grauitie of his age, his integritie of life, and incomparable learning, with the reuerend aspect of his amiable personage, mooued all men to haue him in no small estimation.

The king, aduertised of these matters, meaning to preuent them, left his iournie into Wales, and marched with all speed The earle of towards the north parts. Also Rafe Neuill, earle of Westmerland, that was not farre off, togither with the lord Iohn of Lancaster the kings sonne, being informed of this rebellious attempt, assembled togither such power as they might make, and, togither with those which were appointed to attend on the said lord Iohn to defend the borders against the Scots, (as the lord Henrie Fitzhugh, the lord Rafe Eeuers, the lord Robert Umfreuill, & others,) made forward against the rebels; and, comming into a plaine within the The forest of forrest of Galtree,2 caused their standards to be pitched downe in like sort as the archbishop had pitched his, ouer against them, being farre stronger in number of people than the other; for (as some write) there were of the rebels at the least twentie thousand

resist the kings enimies.

Galtree.

men.

When the earle of Westmerland perceiued the force of the aduersaries, and that they laie still and attempted not to come

1 Prince John reproves the Archbishop for appearing "here, an yron man" (IV. ii. 8). With the Prince's complimentary words (11. 16-22), cp. what is said of Scrope in the last passage of this paragraph, "In deed, the respect," &c.

2 The two armies met on May 29, 1405, at "Shupton [Shipton] sur le More, bien pres la Citee d'Everwyk."-Rot. Parl., iii. 605/1. Galtres Forest formerly reached from York to Aldborough.-Bartholomew, s.v.