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SCRIPTURE
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS;
BEING AN
ACCOUNT OF THE DOMESTIC HABITS, ARTS, ETC., OF EASTERN NATIONS,
MENTIONED IN
HOLY SCRIPTURE,
ILLUSTRATED BY
EXTRACTS FROM THE WORKS OF TRAVELLERS.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING
LONDON WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
Page
The Preservation of Eastern Manners and Customs-Par-
ticular Instances of it-Causes to which it may be Attri-
buted-Early Civilization-Influence of Mohammedanism xxxi
BOOK I.
HABITATIONS AND BUILDINGS.
CHAPTER I.
THE TENT.
Dwellers in Tents and Dwellers in Houses-The Patri-
archs in Tents The Israelites during their Wanderings
and after their Settlement in Canaan-Tent Cloth-Pegs,
Cords, etc.-Scriptural References to "Nail"-Modern
Descriptions Shape and Size of Tent-Arrangement of
a Collection of Tents-Forming an Encampment—Break-
ing up an Encampment-Scenes of Tent Life-Tent Fur-
niture Bottles-Cruse - Hand-mill-Kneading-trough
-Cooking Utensils, Oven, &c.-Booths occasionally used
-Instances in Bible-Booths in Vineyards
CHAPTER II.
HOUSES.
General Characteristics of Eastern Houses-Materials-
Bricks and Slime-Babylonian Mound-Bitumen Pits
-Monograms on Bricks-Assyrian Bricks and Mortar
3
-Egyptian Bricks-Brick - making in Egypt-Use of
Brick in Palestine-Clay Walls-Speedy Decay of Mud
Houses-Heaps of Ruins-Digging through Mud Walls
-Stone Houses in Hauran-Immense Stones used in
Building-Walls of Cities-Arrangement of Houses-
Descriptions of Modern Oriental Cottages-Courts of
Superior Houses-Porches-Gateways-Lock and Key—
Upper Chambers-Inner Chambers
CHAPTER III.
HOUSES-Continued.
Flat Roof-Uses to which it is put-Sleeping, Devotion,
Proclamations, Observations, Domestic purposes-Outside
Staircases-Parapets-Rain penetrating Roof-Dry Grass
on it-Mode of keeping Roof in order-Furniture-Beds
—Chairs—Divans-Sitting on the Ground-Lamps
CHAPTER IV.
INNS, PALACES, ETC.
Eastern Inns-Modern Caravanserais-Solomon's Palace-
Josephus's Description of it-Middle Court-Assyrian
Palace-Monuments of Nimroud and Khorsabad-Deco-
rations of Walls-Hangings in Persian Palaces--Banquet-
ing Hall-Series of Courts-Handsome Ceilings-Tesse-
lated Pavements
27
50
68
CHAPTER V.
VILLAGES, CITIES, ETC.
Walled and Unwalled Places-Towns and Dependent Towns
---Villages and Hamlets-Position of Towns in Palestine
-Walls-Bulwarks-Gates-Locks and Bars-Two Gates
-Markets held in Gates-Justice administered and
Strangers received there-Eastern Streets-Their Names
-Avenues-Bazaars-Pavement-Wells
. 84
CHAPTER VI.
CAVES AND ROCKS.
Caves used as Places of Refuge-Josephus's Description-
Cave of Adullam-Caves of Engedi-Cave of Horeb-
Security in case of Earthquake-Living in Caves a sign
of Distress-Heathen Rites-Situation of Caves-Petra-
El-Khuzneh-Haunts of Banditti-Shepherds in Caves-
Caev Tombs used as Habitations.
CHAPTER VII.
SEPULCHRES.
Houses of the Dead-Rock Sepulchres at Jerusalem-
Tombs of the Kings-Rock Tombs in Asia Minor, in
Egypt, and at Petra-Elevated Sepulchres-Rachel's
Tomb-Tombs of the Prophets-Whited Sepulchres-
Cemeteries outside Towns
99
116
BOOK II.
FOOD AND CLOTHING.
CHAPTER VIII.
FOOD.
Simple Diet of the Orientals-Green Ears of Corn-Parched
Corn-" Dough "-Cakes baked on the Coals, or on Hot
Stones-Cakes baked in a Pan or Frying-pan-The Oven
or Tandoor-Fuel used in Oven-Unleavened Bread-
Barley Bread-Fine Flour-Grinding and Baking—
Things eaten with Bread. .
Milk-Leben, or Sour Milk-Butter-Cheese-Butter and
Honey-Natural Honey-Artificial Honey-Vegetables
-Lentiles-Egyptian Vegetables-Husks-Mallows, &c.
135