The Ethical Use of Touch in PsychotherapySAGE Publications, 1997 M10 8 - 319 páginas Is the bias against touch in psychotherapy justified? Is ethical touch an oxymoron? Can the recovery process be complete without healing touch? Mental health professionals are entrusted with the awesome responsibility of providing appropriate treatment for clients in a safe environment that nurtures trust, a necessary ingredient for optimum movement through the therapeutic process. Though treatment approaches vary, most modalities are verbally based and, in theory, exclude physical contact. Fearing that any form of touch would likely lead to sexual feelings or interaction, clinicians tend to shy away from the topic. In this book, however, Mic Hunter and Jim Struve skilfully demonstrate that touch - a most basic human need - is intrinsic to |
Contenido
Part I Foundations and Historical Background | 1 |
Chapter 1 The Physiology of Touch | 3 |
The Evolution and Mechanics of Skin Sensitivity | 4 |
The Structure of the Skin | 5 |
Physiological Responses to Touch | 6 |
Variations in Touch Perception | 7 |
The Relationship of Touch to Memory | 8 |
Touch and Psychological Development | 11 |
The Touch is Clearly Intended for the Clients Benefit | 141 |
The Therapist has a Solid Knowledge Base about the Clinical Impact of Using Touch | 142 |
The Boundaries Governing the Use of Touch are Clearly Understood by Both Client and Therapist | 143 |
Touch can be Offered to All Types of Clients | 144 |
Consultation is Available and Used | 145 |
The Therapist is Comfortable with the Touch | 146 |
When is It Clinically Advisable not to Use Touch in Psychotherapy? | 147 |
A Risk of Violence Exists | 148 |
Summary | 15 |
Chapter 2 The Influence of Touch on Socialization | 16 |
Touch as a Tool for Interaction and Exchange | 19 |
The Impact of Touch on Communication and Physical Development | 23 |
Touch as a Facilitator of Attachment and Affect Development | 26 |
Touch as a Facilitator of Separation and Individuation | 33 |
The Impact of Touch Dysfunctions on Child Development | 38 |
The Relevance of Touch with Older Persons | 40 |
Summary | 42 |
Chapter 3 Traditions of Touch within Various Cultures | 43 |
Christian and Other Religious Traditions | 44 |
The Practices of Medicine | 46 |
Child Rearing | 49 |
Summary | 50 |
Chapter 4 Traditions of Touch in Psychotherapy | 51 |
Psychoanalysis | 52 |
Ferenczi | 56 |
BodyOriented Psychotherapies | 57 |
Bioenergetics | 58 |
Human Potential Movement | 59 |
Behaviorism | 61 |
Sex Therapy | 62 |
Hypnotherapy | 63 |
Contemporary Factors That Influence Individual Views on the Use of Touch in Psychotherapy | 64 |
Touch and Taboo | 65 |
The Taboo of Touch within Psychotherapy | 67 |
Despite a Hostile Environment Touch is Used in Psychotherapy | 68 |
Our Position on the Use of Touch in Psychotherapy | 69 |
Recommendations for the Field of Psychotherapy | 70 |
Recommendations to the Reader | 71 |
Summary | 72 |
Part II Clinical Application of Touch in Psychotherapy | 73 |
Chapter 5 Power Dynamics That Effect the Use of Touch in Therapy | 75 |
An Introduction to the Dynamics of Power | 77 |
Relevant Dimensions of Power | 81 |
CulturalEthnic Norms | 84 |
Gender Norms | 89 |
Summary | 95 |
Chapter 6 Functions of Touch in Psychotherapy | 96 |
Intention of Touch | 97 |
Context of Touch | 98 |
Expectation of Touch | 99 |
Possible Negative Effects of Touch | 100 |
Possible Effects of the Lack of Touch | 102 |
Possible Positive Effects of Touch | 103 |
Positive Functions of Touch | 107 |
To Provide Real or Symbolic Contact | 108 |
To Provide Containment | 109 |
Summary | 110 |
Chapter 7 The Dynamics of Touch When Applied in Psychotherapy | 111 |
Touch and the Variability of Meaning | 115 |
TaskOriented Touch | 116 |
Attentional Touch | 117 |
Touch for Greeting and Departure | 118 |
Referential Touch | 119 |
Courtesy Touch | 120 |
EmotionalExpressive Touch | 121 |
Reinforcing Touch | 122 |
Protective Touch | 123 |
Touch for Catharsis | 124 |
Sensual Touch | 125 |
Sexual Touch | 126 |
Appropriate Situations for Using Touch | 127 |
To Access Memories or Emotions | 128 |
To Communicate Empathy | 129 |
To Assist in Enhancing Ego Strength | 130 |
To Change the Level of Intimacy | 132 |
As an Adjunct in Hypnosis | 133 |
To Assist in Working With Past Traumatic Experience | 134 |
Summary | 135 |
Chapter 8 Guidelines for Using Touch in Psychotherapy | 136 |
When is It Clinically Appropriate to Use Touch in Psychotherapy? | 138 |
The Purpose of the Touch is Clear | 139 |
The Therapist Doubts the Clients Ability to Say no | 149 |
The Use of Touch is Clinically Inappropriate | 150 |
The Therapist is not Comfortable Using Touch | 151 |
Summary | 152 |
Model Informed Consent Form | 153 |
Documentation of Touch in Client Records | 156 |
Chapter 9 A Continuum of Touch | 159 |
Language as Touch | 160 |
SelfTouch | 163 |
Touch by Proxy | 165 |
Physical Touch | 167 |
The Laying on of Hands | 169 |
Hugging | 171 |
Holding | 173 |
The Importance of Observing a Clients Breathing | 175 |
Summary | 176 |
Chapter 10 Specific Techniques and Case Examples Involving the Use of Touch | 177 |
Supervised Massage | 179 |
Case Examples | 181 |
The Heart Transplant | 186 |
Role Plays | 194 |
Summary | 202 |
Chapter 11 The Use of Touch in Various Modalities and with Specific Populations | 204 |
Working with Couples | 205 |
Working with Families | 210 |
Group Psychotherapy | 213 |
Working with Survivors of Childhood Trauma | 215 |
Summary | 218 |
Chapter 12 The Use of Bodyworkers as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy | 219 |
Establishing Safety | 220 |
Remembrance and Mourning | 222 |
Psychotherapists Concerns | 223 |
Questions to Ask a Bodyworker Prior to Making a Referral | 224 |
Arrangements | 226 |
Summary | 227 |
Excerpts from the Ethical Code of the Massachusetts Association of BodyCentered and BodyOriented Psychotherapist and Counseling Bodyworkers | 228 |
Part III Materials and Training Aids | 229 |
Chapter 13 Erotic Issues within the Psychotherapy Relationship | 231 |
Professional Standards Regulating Erotic Touch between Psychotherapists and Clients | 233 |
Research on Professional Conduct Regarding Erotic Touch | 234 |
Problematic Behaviors Exhibited by Psychotherapists Prior to Erotic Contact with Clients | 237 |
Time | 238 |
Language | 239 |
Place | 240 |
Physical Contact | 241 |
Clinical Considerations Regarding Erotic Issues as a Variable in Psychotherapy | 244 |
Transference and Countertransference | 245 |
The Therapist as Perpetrator | 248 |
The Therapist as an Ideal Figure | 249 |
Perpetrator Countertransference | 250 |
Victim Countertransference | 251 |
Therapist as Client Countertransference | 252 |
Clinical Presentations Exhibited by Clients That Indicate the Emergence of Erotic Transference | 254 |
Becoming the Special Client | 255 |
Fear of being Alone | 256 |
Conclusions and Recommendations | 257 |
Summary | 258 |
Prohibitions to Erotic Contact in Professional Codes | 259 |
American Group Psychotherapy Association | 260 |
American Psychological Association | 261 |
Chapter 14 Examining Personal Views on the Use of Touch in Psychotherapy | 262 |
Exarnining Personal Experiences | 264 |
Questions to Consider | 266 |
Questions to Identify Signs of Boundary Violations | 268 |
Examining Beliefs That can Lead to Inappropriate Touch within Psychotherapy | 270 |
Experiential Learning | 271 |
Round 2 | 272 |
Round 3 | 273 |
Summary | 274 |
| 275 | |
| 288 | |
About the Authors | 299 |
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Términos y frases comunes
actually adult Alexithymia American American Psychiatric Association American Psychological Association and/or appropriate awareness become behavior body bodyworker boundaries caregivers Chapter child clinical clinicians comfort communication context countertransference couple culture discussion dissociation dynamics effects of touch emotional erotic touch ethical example experience experienced expression facilitate family therapy fear feelings female focused form of touch frequently Freud gender Gestalt therapy Group Psychotherapy guidelines handshake healing human important inappropriate infant initial intense interactions intimacy involved issues Journal male mother nonsexual nonverbal norms nurturing observed occur offer participants patients person physical contact positive professional psycho psychoanalysis Psychology reported response role same-gender sensory session sexual abuse sexual contact sexual surrogates shame social survivors taboo tactile contact technique Terry therapeutic relationship therapeutic touch therapist and client therapy tion touch in psychotherapy transference trauma treatment type of touch verbal Western cultures York