Hawkwood in Italy in the face of a cogent chronological objection from the Scrivener, tells the "Tale of the Half-Brothers," a tragic bit from the history of Venice and Padua; to be followed by the Prioress herself with the "Tale of St. Gervase of Plessy," a most pathetic and moving incident in the spirit of the "Lives of the Saints," though not included there. Master Richard Snith, a mariner of Hull, narrates the "Tale of the Cast of the Apple," concerned with the Welsh border warfare, the point lying in the distinguishment between the twin sister and brother, dressed in boys' clothing both, by tossing them an apple, he closing his legs to catch it the more securely, while she throws her knees apart to make a lap with the gown that is not there. Percival Perceforest, the lover of the prologue and interludes, ends the book with the "Tale of Eugenio and Galeotto," an amusing comedy in which a gentle lover, disguised as a servant, is wedded to the lover of his cousin, himself disguised; while the cousin weds the object of the gentle lover's affection, who has taken on the gear of a man. There is in all of these half dozen tales that abstraction from the things of the day which are felt to be Mr. Hewlett's accomplishment as much by inheritance as by study, and that delightful spontaneity by which he achieves the difficult feat of setting forth a story which is equally literary when read in the book or heard by word of mouth. With this spontaneity of expression, wholly without the file-marks of labored composition, goes the account of his writing habit. He always composes at full speed and, if the manuscript prove to be lacking upon reading the next day, it is discarded entirely and the substance of it rewritten until the desired result is attained, always at full speed and without need for correction. The book is cause for congratulation, and adds another to the bonds with which Mr. Hewlett's readers are held. WALLACE RICE,

Critical Staff "The Dial."

HORSE MEAT IN VIENNA.-The comparatively high prices obtaining in Vienna for beef, mutton and pork put these meats beyond the daily reach of the poorer classes, who are most taxed by hard labor and are obviously in need of strength-giving food.

A governmental decree of April 20, 1854, gave legal permission to cut up and sell horse meat as an article of food. During the rest of that year and in 1855, 943 horses were slaughtered for food in Vienna; the number rose in 1899-the last year for which statistics are obtainable-to 25,640 head. The statistics of the number of horses and donkeys slaughtered for food in Vienna during the five years from 1895 to 1899, inclusive, and of the receipts and expenses for their slaughter, are as follows: Animals slaughtered Abattoir receipts and expenses Horses Donkeys Receipts Expenses Dollars Dollars 71 2,800.28 1,166.82 82 3,147.60 1,078.96 824.73

YEAR

1895.

1896.

21,095 21,930

1897.

22,684

66 3,352.17

The price of horse meat ranges, per pound of fore quarter, from 5 to 8 cents; hind quarter, 6 to 9 cents; choice cuts for steak and roast, from 5 to 11 cents; the same cuts in beef averaging from 20 to 24 cents a pound. The horse meat is also worked up into sausages, and as such sells at correspondingly low prices. The horse-meat butcher shops, of which there are now no less than 185 in this city, present a clean and attractive appearance, and are in no way distinguishable from the shops where the usual kinds of meat are sold, save by the sign announcing their specialty. Restaurant keepers who serve horse meat must designate this fact in a special column on the bill of fare offered to patrons.

The regulations as to the proper condition of the horses slaughtered are very stringent and carefully enforced. The special inspectors appointed are, in the main, veterinary surgeons, and those intrusted with the microscopical examination of the meat must be able to show a certificate of having graduated from a course of study in this line at a veterinary or similar institution, and are sworn to the faithful performance of their duties.

The horses to be slaughtered are inspected both before and after slaughtering. The many diseases of which the symptoms are easily overlooked in the living animal are readily recognized by the experts after the animals have been slaughtered. The inspection of the living animals must be as complete as possible, and the inspector is given the opportunity of observing them closely in and out of the stall. The inspector, notified twenty-four hours previously, must be present at the slaughtering, which should take place by daylight. If the slightest trace of tubercles or ulcers be found on the nasal mucous membrane, or any disease of the glands of the throat, the meat of the animal is forbidden for use as food and due report is made immediately to the proper local authorities.

In the shops where the horse meat is sold, a certificate of inspection must lie open for all to read. As in other butcher shops, the prices of the various cuts per kilogram must be stated on a signboard. In some of these shops donkey meat is also offered for sale, and this fact must be announced in a similar manner. CARL BAILEY HURST, American Consul-General in "Consular Reports."

HORSE FLESH WHY NOT COMMONLY EATEN.Some of the persons that read the above account of eating horse flesh in Vienna will doubtless do so with loathing for the practice, and wonder that anyone can manage it. Yet such loathing would be purely a result of prejudice, formed by a national habit which took its rise from religious grounds about a thousand years ago. It is historically certain that the remote ancestors of every nationality, settled in this most mixed country of ours, ate horse flesh either exclusively or by preference. Either literary records or survivals of practice show that the horse was both eaten as a choice food, and was as such sacrificed to the gods, throughout the old world from Japan to Scotland. The white horse is still kept in a stall within the sacred precincts of certain Shintoist

temples in Japan, to be reverently greeted and fed by votaries. Here it is associated with phallicism or sex-worship, probably because a symbol of the sun which is an indispensable factor in all vegetal increase. Among the Turko-Tartars, who constitute nine-tenths of the natives of Siberia, the barbarous Altaians still sacrifice a white horse to Bai Ilgea. The horse is crushed to death and flayed; and the skin with head and feet attached is elevated on a pole toward heaven, while the flesh is eaten. No blood may be spilled, nor any bone broken. Now that human sacrifice has ceased, the horse forms the choicest gift to the gods, here as elsewhere. To the Turko-Tartar, at least, it was also a type of beauty, and the nomad lover used "filly" as a term of admiration and endearment. Here is part of a lyric found in use only a score years ago among these Altaians by W. Radloff, the Russian ethnologist:

"Thou who pluckest the white herbage,

My white palfrey, say where art thou. On thy neck thy hair is yellow,

Little bride, come tell where art thou."

The Teutonic peoples, who were forebears alike of Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch and British, likewise preferred the horse as sacrifice to the gods, and ate its flesh, at the sacrificial banquet, which was a highly popular festivity. The heads of these horses and often their hides were hung on trees as offering to the gods, while the votaries ate the flesh, as in the Turko-Tartar rite. It was precisely because of this, its connection with the Teutonic gods, that horse flesh became tabooed when the Teutons were converted to Christianity, and it has remained so down to this present day, except where, as in Vienna, modern sense and science has reversed this ancient edict of religion. Heathen Swedes were stigmatized as "horse-eaters" by their converted brethren. But custom dies hard, and those who abandoned the real horse substituted for it the ginberbread article, which was recently-and may still be sold and eaten at country fairs in England, for the present writer ate them there as a boy. In India the horse sacrifice was "the king of the offerings," after human sacrifice had ceased. It was undertaken by an entire people, at the command of their king, for the protection and promotion of the land. For an entire year the consecrated horse roamed the land watched by 400 youths. Immediately after the slaughter of the horse, the queen had to lie beside it, in symbolism of the devotion of the land to the sun which made it productive of all the foods man needed.

Horse flesh is nowise inferior to ox flesh either in flavor or nutritiveness; and, when once the common prejudice against eating it is overcome, rapidly wins public favor as is seen in Vienna.

EDMUND BUCKLEY, PH. D.. University of Chicago. INJUNCTION was granted the Allis-Chalmers Company of Chicago against certain Lodges of the International Association of Machinists, by Judge C. C. Kohlsaat Oct. 21st, 1901. The opinion of Judge Kohlsaat rendered Oct. 18th, was a notable document, and ran as follows:

"The bill in this case alleges that the workmen employed in certain departments of complainant's manufacturing plants have left such employment in a body; have organized a strike; have, for the purpose of enforcing said strike and compelling complainant to accede to their demands, conspired to use organized efforts to injure complainant's business, and to cause complainant great pecuniary loss; have, in pursuance of such conspiracy, established patrols or pickets about complainant's several premises; and have, by acts of violence, as well as by other actions and words, calculated to intimidate, caused such persons as desired to enter or remain in the employ of complainant, to fear bodily injury in the event they did not refrain from such employment.

The bill further alleges that many acts of violence have been committed against employes of complainant by strikers and by members of the lodges made parties defendant; that, because of the fear of such employes to go upon the streets of Chicago, complainant is compelled to maintain said employes within its premises, at great cost to it, and injustice to them; that complainant's business has been injured to the extent of more than a hundred thousand dollars, by reason of said conspiracy and the acts of defendants in pursuance thereof; that the persons committing such acts are irresponsible, and that the damage done to complainant's business is, by reason of the premises, irreparable.

The bill prays for the usual relief, and also for a temporary injunction, restraining the various lodges made parties defendant, their officers and members, as well as the individuals specifically named as defendants, from conspiring to injure complainant's business and property, and from in any manner compelling or inducing, by the use of threats, intimidation of any sort, fraud, deception, or violence, any persons to leave complainant's employ, if not desirous of so doing; and from doing any act or thing whatsoever, by any of the aforesaid means or methods, in furtherance of a purpose to impede, interrupt, obstruct or interfere with the business of complainants; or to impede any of its officers or employes in the free and unhindered conduct and control of complainant's business; also, that the defendants, and each of them, and their confederates, aiders and abettors, be restrained from, both singly and in combination with others, picketing, guarding, obstructing, impeding, besetting or patrolling the streets, alleys or approaches to the premises of complainant, or ordering same to be done, for the purpose and in such a manner as to intimidate, threaten. impede, obstruct or coerce any of the employes of complainant or persons seeking employment of the complainant.

In support of this motion, complainant presents numerous affidavits, from which it appears that many of the present employes of the complainant have been waylaid and badly beaten, in going to and from the works of complainant; that the present employes are all in great fear of bodily injury in the event they leave the premises of complainant; that these assaults are committed, both near complainant's works and near the homes of said employes in distant parts of the city; that be

cause of this fear on the part of such employes, it has become necessary for complainant to provide for the board and lodging of said employes within its works, in order to retain them in its employ; that it is practically impossible for such employes to enter or leave the said works without being accosted by patrols or pickets and assaulted or menaced by acts or threats with bodily injury in the event they remain in such employ; that persons approaching the said works for the purpose of obtaining employment from complainant are in like manner subjected to threats and intimidation.

By way of reply, two pleas have been filedone by defendant Ireland, averring that complainant is a trust and therefore has no standing in equity; and the other by defendant Roderick, averring that complainant is a member of a voluntary association or combination of employers, organized for the purpose of fighting the International Association of Machinists in the matters involved in this suit, and the methods pursued by said combination of employers are similar to the methods of defendants complained of in the bill. Neither of these pleas can be considered upon this application, at this stage of the pleadings.

The defendants also file numerous affidavits, which, in substance, set forth that none of the defendants have either committed, counseled or countenanced any of the acts complained of in the bill and affidavits; that a strike is in progress, but that the same is peaceful and orderly; that no intimidation, threats or violence are or have been used by defendants, or by either of them; that the acts of violence set forth in complainant's affidavits, if the same ever occurred, were committed by enemies of defendants and of organized labor, for the purpose of discrediting defendants in the eyes of the court and of the public, or by the criminal elements of society who have no manner of connection with defendants; that the only methods of procedure used by defendants in furtherance of their said strike are those of peaceful organization and morar suasion; that pickets have been established, under the direction of certain of defendants, near the works of complainant, for the sole purpose of notifying all workmen seeking employment there that a strike is on and that the plant is fighting organized labor; that these pickets simply give this information, and, in no manner, by acts, words or demeanor, attempt to intimidate employes or prospective employes of complainant, or to coerce them into refusing to work for complainant.

While it will be seen that defendants deny all violence and intimidation, yet it is beyond question that such a condition exists about said plants; that men seeking to work there stand in fear of bodily violence, to such a degree that complainant for such reason is unable to secure a sufficient number to carry on its said business, and is compelled to keep what men it does employ within its premises, as in a fortress. They are there subject to so many privations that the only reasonable explanation for their enduring them is their evident desire to work, and their fear of bodily violence in case they leave the plants.

It further appears that the so-called picket

ing is systematically carried on, and that all persons supposed to be aiding complainant in the work formerly performed by defendants are approached and remonstrated with. Certainly, if only peaceful persuasion is used, and there are no underlying or implied threats in the demeanor or language used by the strikers. either a large body of men are unusually and strangely timid, or defendants and their confederates have been very unfortunate in their manner of disclosing their peaceful and harmless intentions.

After all the conflict of evidence in this case, it is undeniable that the defendants, or some of them, and their confederates, have conspired to and have greatly intimidated complainant's workmen, and thereby have intended to and have done great and irreparable damage to complainant's business and property, largely in excess of the necessary jurisdictional amount. It is conceivable, theoretically, that patrols or pickets could be maintained upon the platonic basis claimed by defendants, but the evidence, taken as a whole, leaves no doubt in the mind of the court that the name was not misapplied in this case. Here a siege exists. Probably to some extent the acts of violence complained of have been done by persons not members of the union and not connected in any manner with the striking workmen, but in some of the cases the evidence is so specific that it can not be overlooked. It is true that at such times, when excitement runs high, the public mind is inflammable, at least among such persons as usually attach themselves to strikers. It is also true that the criminal classes take advantage of such occasions to commit, under cover of honest men, dastardly and cowardly acts. These facts applied to this case make it apparent that the conduct of defendants was calculated to work a serious wrong to the complainant. In the judgment of the court, the pickets were in some cases themselves guilty of intimidating complainant's workmen, and were the indirect, if not the direct, inspiration of like acts and of violence by others. It is conceded that these pickets were appointed and directed by officers and members of the defendant lodges. That a conspiracy existed among a number of these officers and lodges to stop and thereby injure the business of complainant, by intimidation and violence, is evident. In a conspiracy of this character, where it is diffiIcult to even learn the name of the individual members of the lodges, the active co-operation of the individual members in the conspiracy is difficult to establish by direct proofs; but their acquiescence in and connivance at the methods pursued by their officers and members is easily established by the results sought and accomplished.

These being the facts in this case, the law is clear and emphatic. The jurisdiction of a court of equity to restrain the defendants, under the circumstances, is too well established to require citations or be called in question by anyone familiar with the decisions. The juris diction being established, is there any doubt as to whether the court should in this case grant the temporary injunction prayed for? I am clear there is not. As now presented, the court must grant the writ in broad and unmistakable terms, commensurate with the exigen

cies of the situation, as shown by the facts in evidence upon this proceeding.

To do so will work no hardship, nor will it even hamper the actions of any law-abiding person. Indeed, no one without a purpose to commit an unlawful act, is affected thereby.

It is the undoubted right of workmen to quit work, severally or in a body, so long as the act does not come within the rule against conspiracies to injure the property of another. They may also use peaceful means in persuading others to join them in carrying out the strike subject to the above rules. Both of these rights, however, must be exercised in such a manner as not to otherwise interfere with the right of every man to run his own business in his own way, provided he keeps within the law in so doing, or the right of every man to work or not to work, to strike or not to strike, to join a union or not, as he thinks best. In other words, a man may decide his own course, and hold himself to any course, but he can not impose those rules or that course upon the conduct of any other man against his wish, any more than he can place fetters upon his hands or shackles upon his feet. And when, as in the case at bar, the attempt is made, through intimidation and acts of violence, to effect this end, it is tyranny of the most despotic character-it is civil war-it is treason to the principles of this and almost every other government. and it will not be tolerated.

In many of the states this is prohibited by statute. In Sections 158 and 159, of Chapter 38, of the Statutes of Illinois, it is provided as follows:

"158. If any two or more persons shall combine for the purpose of depriving the owner or possessor of property of its lawful use and management, or of preventing by threats, suggestions of danger, or any unlawful means, any person from being employed by or obtaining employment from any such owner or possessor of property, on such terms as the parties concerned may agree upon, such person so offending shall be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, or confined in the county jail not exceeding six months."

"159. If any person shall, by threat, intimidation or unlawful interference, seek to prevent any other person from work or from obtaining work at any lawful business, on any terms that he may see fit, such person so offending shall be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars." This is a part of the Criminal Code. To the same effect is a long line of decisions, independent of the statute.

If, however, the acts referred to are likely to cause irreparable damage to property, courts of chancery have from time immemorial taken jurisdiction for the purpose of protecting parties from such loss. In these days, when capital is tending towards combination, the application of the law is by many assumed to be the creation and enforcement of a new rule. It is as old as the common law, which itself succeeded the law of force. In this country the courts constitute an arm of the government. It is their province to protect the personal and property interests of every man, woman and child, by the enforcement of the laws. This, subject to such imperfections as are human,

they have always done, and will do in the future. And herein is the safety of every citizen. Justice is said to be blind. Certain it is that she can discover no difference between the murderous assault, inflicted under cover of a strike and that of the midnight assassin. Both are equally infamous, both equally criminal.

In considering the situation, it is assuring to know that the great body of workingmen are law-abiding. They, of all men, appreciate the necessity of the enforcement of law. They have not so misread history as to think that capital was ever vanquished by labor in a struggle in which the weapons were force. They are fully alive to the public interests. The future holds the adjustment of the vexing disputes between labor and capital. These disputes are far from being one-sided. Their solution calls for all the wisdom and patience of which human nature is capable. But it will come, as right always will, even though force and injustice may clog its feet. The basis of its advancement must be that the rights of all are respected by each, and the rights of each respected by all." MACHINISTS' STRIKE pp.

(See article on 376-9.)

KIPLING, RUDYARD. The first extended work from Mr. Kipling's hand since his recovery from illness several years ago has made its appearance, and it is accompanied by a controversy over its literary merits and shortcomings which proves, more clearly than either of the antagonists intends, that the author's fame is paying for the overestimation of yesterday by the underestimate of to-day. "Kim,” indeed, is a book which could have been written by no one in all the expanse of English literature except Mr. Kipling, and it has all the merit of his earlier work except the single one of novelty. Mr. Henry James pointed out at the beginning of his fellow-writer's career, however, that the two salient reasons for popularity lay, first, in the freshness of his writing, and, secondly, in the belief that this freshness could not last. It is the use in "Kim" of the material with which we have all been made familiar by his former stories that forms the ground, witting or unwitting, of objection here. We are, as it were, in the position in which we cannot see the wood for the trees. And it will be hard for the most ardent advocate of Mr. Kipling's literary genius to find any new note in this last book. The hero of it is a mere lad at the opening of the story, an Irish boy, Kimball O'Hara, born in India of Irish parents and with all the native shrewdness and wit of that versatile race. His mother dies in bringing him into the world, and his father thereafter goes steadily down to the death of an unrefined lotus-eater. Cast upon the native population for comradeship, the boy's resourcefulness brings him to vagabondage of a sort common to both the East and the West, but with an oriental flavor only to be gained in his native city of Lahore. At the age when the influence of others is most easily exerted, Kim falls to the care of a Buddhist priest from far Thibet, the abbot of one of those lamaseries which have engaged the attention of Europeans from an earlier time. This lama, or guru, the

Holy One of the story, has left his home despite his great age, and is seeking the river of an cient tradition which burst forth where the arrow of the Buddha fell, since all who bathe in its waters obtain salvation. He has lost his chela, or disciple, and the adventurous Kim departs with him on his quest. Wandering long and far from Lahore, early entangled in the meshes of the Indian Secret Service all unknowingly, Kim comes upon his father's old regiment, and the papers he has always carried in an amulet case about his neck establish his identity. The Chief of the Secret Service sees in him a most profitable servant, and he is sent to a great school to be educated in the manners of the Europeans. Though parted from his Holy One, that precious old man provides the means which keep him in a school of the better class until his book-learning shall be secured. The vacations prove a stumbling block to the growing boy, but the Chief is wise enough to see that everything is to be gained by allowing him free intercourse with the natives, and he runs wild during the greater part of his holidays. By way of additional training he is given to Lurgan Sahib from time to time, and that worthy teaches him all manner of useful things-Lurgan being the "Strickland" of the "Plain Tales from the Hills," somewhat amplified in the greater space of the long story. At last Kim is graduated and taken forthwith into the employment of the Secret Service. Its exigencies permit him the privilege of rambling about with his Holy One once more, and the two continue the search for the River of the Arrow. During the first flight of the two an opportunity occurs to test Kim's abilities, and he acquits himself with credit. Their course takes them to the Himalayan range, and there Kim is again useful, taking a large share in the theft from two agents, of the French and the Russian governments respectively, of valuable papers concerning the British relations with the natives. During the struggle between the opposing parties the Holy One is struck and injured by the Russian, and the journey comes to an end as soon as a place of safety is reached. There the old lama finds his River of Salvation at last, and the book closes with his assurance that he and his disciple are both certain of the future. In giving this brief sketch of the argument of the book, many details have been necessarily omitted. Generally speaking, Europeans play a small part in it, the stage being filled constantly with the figures of all manner of natives, varying with every stopping place in every detail. The power of word painting, so evident in all Mr. Kipling's earlier work, is here manifested without diminution. To say that his panorama is glorious is to do it no more than justice. His acquaintance with the native character has that sense of intimacy which enables himself to translate thoughts and feelings which we know to be oriental into words and phrases which are comprehensible to our own differently constituted minds. Yet all these things no longer appeal to us as novel. The canvas is broader than anything Mr. Kipling has done before in the East he loves; and the additional room gives his pencil a freer sweep. Yet the essence of his first prose work is the essence of this, and even the genre does not differ. "Kim" is

not a novel in any accepted sense of the word, the boy, its hero, being the same boy at its close that he was at its opening, the added years and knowledge being directed to useful instead of merely mischievous ends. It is not a romance, for women do not enter into the thread of the story at all, except in the most incidental way, and love, as such, is only shown between the Holy One and the boy Kim. That this last is an unusual note in English fiction is true, but it is not wholly new-certainly not in the sense in which so many of Mr. Kipling's themes have been. Of that yearning toward humanity which has been lacking in the earlier work, there is still a lack. If Kim vacillates between the East and the West, this again is the same trembling between convention and social freedom, society and vagabondage, which is in the heart of humanity wherever civilization has bound it in chains. In fine, "Kim" is an extended short story, lacking in the element of novelty which has made up half of its author's claim to public attention, lacking in any sense of true womanhood and what it means to the world; but still the work of a master artist.

WALLACE RICE,

Critical Staff "The Dial."

MAN'S FURTHER PROGRESS.-The basis of man's perfectibility must be, not any metaphysical theory of abstract freedom or fatalism, but the scientific doctrine of determinism, i. e., man will become perfect upon fulfillment of certain conditions, otherwise not. No effect follows, except a cause proceed, whether in the physical or mental sphere. What appears to us causeless in the latter sphere has a real cause in subconscious activities. The limits of what man once regarded as supernatural are constantly receding.

The means of such perfectibility lies in transformism or evolution, which, assuming only the origin of cellular life, enables us to explain