great mischief that was there; for more than three thousand men and women and children were put to death that day; God has their souls, for indeed they were martyred. In entering the town a party of the English went to the palace of the bishop and found him there, and took him and led him before the prince, who looked at him with a murderous look, (felonneusement,) and the best word that he could say to him was that his head should be cut off, and then he made him be taken from his presence.-I. 235. The crime which the people of Lymoges had committed was that of surrendering when they had been besieged by the duke of Berry, and in consequence turning French. And this crime was thus punished at a period when no versatility of conduct was thought dishonorable. The phrases tourner Anglois tourner François- -retourner Anglois, occur repeat. edly in Froissart. I should add that of all the heroes of this period the Black Prince was the most generous and the most humane. After the English had taken the town of Montereau, the seigneur de Guitery, who commanded there, retired to the castle; and Henry V. threatened, unless he surrendered, to hang eleven gentlemen, taken in the town. These poor men entreated the governor to comply, for the sake of saving their lives, letting him at the same time know how impossible it was that his defence could be of any avail. He was not to be persuaded; and when they saw this, and knew that they must die, some of them requested that they might first see their wives and their friends. This was allowed: la y eut de piteux regrets au prendre congé, says Pierre de Fanin, and on the following morning they were executed as Henry had threatened. The governor held out for fifteen days, and then yielded by a capitulation which secured himself.- (Coll. des Mémoires, t. v. p. 456.) In the whole history of these dreadful times I remember but one man whom the cruelty of the age had not contaminated, and that was the Portugueze hero Nuno Alvares Pereira, a man who appears to me to have been a perfect example of patriotism, heroism, and every noble and lovely quality, above all others of any age or country. Atrocious, however, as these instances are, they seem as nothing when compared to the atrocities which the French exercised upon each other. When Soissons was captured by Charles VI. (1414) in person, "in regard to the destruction committed by the king's army (says Monstrellet), it cannot be estimated; for after they had plundered all the inhabitants, and their dwellings, they despoiled the churches and monasteries. They even took and robbed the most part of the sacred shrines of many bodies of saints, which they stripped of all the precious stones, gold and silver, together with many other jewels and holy things appertaining to the aforesaid churches. There is not a christian but would have shuddered at the atrocious excesses committed by the soldiery in Soissons: married women violated before their husbands; young damsels in the presence of their parents and relatives; holy nuns, gentlewomen of all ranks, of whom there were many in the town; all, or the greater part, were violated against their wills by divers nobles and others, who after having satiated their own brutal passions, delivered them over without mercy to their servants: and there is no remembrance of such disorder and havoc being done by christians, considering the many persons of high rank that were present, and who made no efforts to check them. There were also many gentlemen in the king's army who had relations in the town, as well secular as churchmen; but the disorder was not the less on that account.". Vol. iv. p. 31. What a national contrast is there between the manner in which the English and French have conducted their civil wars! Even in the wars of the Fronde, when all parties were alike thoroughly unprincipled, cruelties were committed on both sides which it might have been thought nothing but the strong feelings of a perverted religious principle could have given birth to. NOTE 14, p. 16, col. 2.- -Yet hangs and pulls for food. Holinshed says, speaking of the siege of Roan, "If I should rehearse how deerelie dogs, rats, mice, and cats were sold within the towne, and how greedilie they were by the poore people eaten and devoured, and how the people dailie died for fault of food, and young infants laie sucking in the streets on their mothers' breasts, being dead starved for hunger, the reader might lament their extreme miseries."-p. 566. NOTE 15, p. 17, col. 1. The sceptre of the wicked? "Do not the tears run down the widow's cheek? and is not her cry against him that causeth them to fall? "The Lord will not be slack till he have smitten in sunder the loins of the unmerciful, till he have taken away the multitude of the proud, and broken the sceptre of the unrighteous." - Ecclesiasticus. NOTE 16, p. 17, col. 1.- The Fountain of the Fairies. In the Journal of Paris in the reigns of Charles VI. and VII. it is asserted that the Maid of Orleans, in answer to an interrogatory of the doctors, whether she had ever assisted at the assemblies held at the Fountain of the Fairies near Domprein, round which the evil spirits dance, confessed that she had often repaired to a beautiful fountain in the country of Lorraine, which she named the good Fountain of the Fairies of our Lord. From the notes to the English version of Le Grand's Fabliaux. - They love to lie and rock upon its leaves. NOTE 17, p. 17, col. 2. Being asked whether she had ever seen any fairies, she answered no; but that one of her god-mothers pretended to have seen some at the Fairy-tree, near the village of Dompre. Rapin. NOTE 18, p. 17, col. 2.—Memory, thought, were gone. "In this representation which I made to place myself near to Christ (says St. Teresa), there would come suddenly upon me, without either expectation or any preparation on my part, such an evident feeling of the presence of God, as that I could by no means doubt, but that either he was within me, or else I all engulfed in him. This was not in the manner of a vision, but I think they call it Mistical Theology; and it suspends the soul in such sort, that she seems to be wholly out of herself. The Will is in act of loving, the Memory seems to be in a manner lost, the understanding, in my opinion, discourses not; and although it be not lost, yet it works not as I was saying, but remains as it were amazed to consider how much it understands.”—– Life of St. Teresa, written by herself. Teresa was well acquainted with the feelings of enthusiasm. I had, however, described the sensations of the Maid of Orleans before I had met with the life of the saint. Canebat (ut sic efferam) cicadicè. Pia Hilaria Angelini Gazai. Perhaps he remembered two lines in the Zanitonella of the Macaronic poet, Sentis an quanta cicigant Cigalæ, Quæ mihi rumpunt cicigando testam. St. Francis labored much in the conversion of animals. In the fine series of pictures representing his life, lately painted for the new Franciscan convent at Madrid, I recollect seeing him preach to a congregation of birds. Gazæus has a poem upon his instructing a ewe. His advice to her is somewhat curious: Vide ne arietes, neve in obvios ruas : There is another upon his converting two lambs, whose prayers were more acceptable to God, Marot! says he, than your psalms. If the nun, who took care of them in his absence, was inclined to lie a-bed Frater Agnus hanc beê beê suo O agne jam non agne sed doctor bone! NOTE 21, p. 18, col. 1. The memory of his prison'd years. The Maid declared upon her trial, that God loved the duke of Orleans, and that she had received more revelations concerning him, than any person living, except the king.- Rapin. Orleans, during his long captivity, "had learnt to court the fair ladies of England in their native strains." Among the Harleian MSS. is a collection of "love poems, roundels and songs, ," composed by the French prince during his confinement. NOTE 24, p. 18, col. 2. To turn on the defenceless prisoners The cruel sword of conquest During the heat of the combat, when the English had gained the upper hand, and made several prisoners, news was brought to king Henry that the French were attacking his rear, and had already captured the greater part of his baggage and sumpter-horses. This was indeed true, for Robinet de Bournonville, Rifflart de Clamasse, Ysambart d'Azincourt, and some other men at arms, with about six hundred peasants, had fallen upon and taken great part of the king's baggage, and a number of horses, while the guard was occupied in the battle. This distressed the king very much, for he saw that though the French army had been routed, they were collecting on different parts of the plain in large bodies, and he was afraid they would resume the battle: he therefore caused instant proclamation to be made by sound of trumpet, that every one should put his prisoners to death, to prevent them from aiding the enemy, should the combat be renewed. This caused an instantaneous and general massacre of the French prisoners, occasioned by the disgraceful conduct of Robinet de Bournonville, Ysambart d'Azincourt, and the others, who were afterwards punished for it, and imprisoned a very long time by duke John of Burgundy, notwithstanding they had NOTE 22, p. 18, col. 2.— The prisoners of that shameful day made a present to the count de Charolois of a most precious out summ'd Their conquerors! According to Holinshed, the English army consisted of only 15,000 men, harassed with a tedious march of a month, in very bad weather, through an enemy's country, and for the most part sick of a flux. He states the number of French at 60,000, of whom 10,000 were slain, and 1500 of the higher order taken prisoners. Some historians make the dispropor. tion in numbers still greater. Goodwin says, that among the slain there were one archbishop, three dukes, six earls, ninety barons, fifteen hundred knights, and seven thousand esquires or gentlemen. sword ornamented with diamonds, that had belonged to the king of England. They had taken this sword, with other rich jewels, from king Henry's baggage, and had made this present, that in case they should at any time be called to an account for what they had done, the count might stand their friend. - Monstrelet, vol. iv. p. 180. When the king of England had on this Saturday begun his march towards Calais, many of the French returned to the field of battle, where the bodies had been turned over more than once, some to seek for their lords, and carry them to their own countries for burial, others to pillage what the English had left. King Henry's army had only taken gold, silver, rich dresses, helmets, and what was of value, for which reason NOTE 23, p. 18, col. 2.— From his hersed bowmen how the the greater part of the armor was untouched, and on the dead arrows flew. This was the usual method of marshalling the bowmen. At Cressy "the archers stood in manner of an herse, about two hundred in front and but forty in depth, which is undoubtedly the best way of embattling archers, especially when the enemy is very numerous, as at this time: for by the breadth of the front the extension of the enemies front is matched; and by reason of the thinness in flank, the arrows do more certain execution, being more likely to reach home."- Barnes. The victory at Poictiers is chiefly attributed to the herse of archers. After mentioning the conduct and courage of the English leaders in that battle, Barnes says, "But all this courage had been thrown away to no purpose, had it not been seconded by the extraordinary gallantry of the English archers, who behaved themselves that day with wonderful constancy, alacrity, and resolution. So that by their means, in a manner, all the French battails received their first foil, being by the barbed arrows so galled and terrified, that they were easily opened to the men of arms." “Without all question, the guns which are used now-a-days are neither so terrible in battle, nor do such execution, nor work such confusion as arrows can do: for bullets being not seen only hurt when they hit, but arrows enrage the horse, and break the array, and terrify all that behold them in the bodies of their neighbors. Not to say that every archer can shoot thrice to a gunner's once, and that whole squadrons of bows may let fly at one time, when only one or two files of musqueteers can discharge at once. Also, that whereas guns are useless when your pikes join, because they only do execution point blank, the arrows which will kill at random, nay do good service even behind your men of arms. And it is notorious, that at the famous battle of Lepanto, the Turkish bows did more mischief than the Christian artillery. Besides it is not the least observable, that whereas the weakest may use guns as well as the strongest, in those days your lusty and tall yeomen were chosen for the bow; whose hose being fastened with one point, and their jackets long and easy to shoot in, they had their limbs at full liberty, so that they might easily draw bows of great strength, and shoot arrows of a yard long beside the head." -Joshua Barnes. bodies; but it did not long remain thus, for it was very soon stripped off, and even the shirts and all other parts of their dress were carried away by the peasants of the adjoining villages. The bodies were left exposed as naked as when they came into the world. On the Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, the corpses of many princes were well washed and raised, namely, the dukes of Brabant, Bar, and Alençon, the counts de Nevers, de Blaumont, de Vaudemont, de Faulquemberge, the lord de Dampierre, admiral sir Charles d'Albreth, constable, and buried in the church of the Friars Minors at Hesdin. Others were carried by their servants, some to their own countries, and others to different churches. All who were recognized were taken away, and buried in the churches of their manors. When Philippe count de Charolois heard of the unfortunate and melancholy disaster of the French, he was in great grief; more especially for the death of his two uncles, the duke of Brabant and count de Nevers. Moved by compassion, he caused all that had remained exposed on the field of battle to be interred, and commissioned the abbot de Roussianville and the bailiff of Aire to have it done. They meas ured out a square of twenty-five yards, wherein were dug three trenches twelve feet wide, in which were buried, by an account kept, five thousand eight hundred men. It was not known how many had been carried away by their friends, nor what number of the wounded had died in hospitals, towns, villages, and even in the adjacent woods; but, as I have before said, it must have been very great. This square was consecrated as a burying-ground by the bishop of Guines, at the command and as procurator of Louis de Luxembourg, bishop of Therounne. It was surrounded by a strong hedge of thorns, to prevent wolves or dogs from entering it, and tearing up and devouring the bodies. In consequence of this sad event, some learned clerk of the realm made the following verses: A chief by dolorous mischance oppress'd, Subjects by prodigality brought low, Nobles made noble in dame Nature's spite And the harsh yoke of proud oppression feel: Thus, while the people mourn, the public woe Will fill the land with beggars, well we trow. Ah feeble woe! whose impotent commands According to Pierre de Fenin, the English did not bury their own dead; but their loss was so small that this is very unlikely. He says, Après cette douloureuse journée, et que toutes les deux partics se furent retirées, Louys de Luxembourg, qui estoit Evesque de Terouane, fit faire en la place où la bataille avoit esté donnée plusiuers charniers, où il fit assembler tous les morts d'un coste et d'autre ; et là les fit enterrer, puis il bénit la place, et la fit enclore de fortes hayes tout autour, pour la garantir du bestial. After the battle of Agincourt Henry lodged at Maisoncelle; le lendemain au matin il en deslogea, et alla passer tout au milieu des morts qui avoient esté tuez en ce combat ; là il s'arresta grand espace de temps, et tirèrent ses gens encor des prisonniers hors du nombre des morts, qu'ils emmenèrent avec eux. Coll. des Mémoires, t. v. p. 384. NOTE 25, p. 19, col. 1. - From the disastrous plain of Agincourt. Perhaps one consequence of the victory at Agincourt is not generally known Immediately on his return Henry sent his legates to the council of Constance: "at this councell, by the assent of all nations there present, it was authorised and ordained, that England should obtaine the name of a nation, and should be said one of the five nations that owe their devotion to the church of Rome, which thing untill that time men of other nations, for envy, had delayed and letted.". Stowe, Elmham. NOTE 29, p. 19, col. 1. Had made a league with Famine. "The king of England advertised of their hautie courages, determined to conquer them by famine which would not be tamed by weapon. Wherefore he stopped all the passages, both by water and land, that no vittels could be conveied to the citie. He cast trenches round about the walls, and set them full of stakes, and defended them with archers, so that there was left neither waie for them within to issue out, nor for anie that were abroad to enter in without his license. The king's coosine germane and alie (the king of Portugale) sent a great navie of well-appointed ships unto the mouth of the river Seine, to stop that no French vessel should enter the river and passe up the same, to the aid of them within Rouen. "Thus was the faire citie of Rouen compassed about with enemies, both by water and land, having neither comfort nor aid of king, dolphin, or duke."- Holinshed, 566. King Henry of England marched a most powerful army, accompanied by a large train of artillery and warlike stores, in the month of June, before the noble and potent town of Rouen, to prevent the inhabitants and garrison from being supplied with new corn. The van of his army arrived there at midnight, that the garrison might not make any sally against them. The king was lodged at the Carthusian convent; the duke of Gloucester was quartered before the gate of St. Hilaire; the duke of Clarence at the gate of Caen; the earl of Warwick at that of Martinville; the duke of Exeter and earl of Dorset at that of Beauvais : in front of the gate of the castle were the lord marshal and sir John de Cornwall. At the gate leading to Normandy were posted the earls of Huntingdon, Salisbury, Kyme, and the lord Neville, son to the earl of Westmoreland. On the hill fronting St. Catherine's were others of the English barons. Before the English could fortify their quarters, many sallies were made on them, and several severe skirmishes passed on both sides. But the English, so soon as they could, dug deep ditches between the town and them, on the top of which they planted a thick hedge of thorns, so that they could not otherwise be annoyed than by cannon shot and arrows. They also built a jette on the banks of the Seine, about a cannon shot distant from the town, to which they fastened their chains, one of them half a foot under the water, another level with it, and a third two feet above the stream, so that no boats could bring provision to the town, nor could any escape from it that way. They likewise dug deep NOTE 26, p. 19, col. 1. — Henry, as wise as brave, had back to galleries of communication from one quarter to another, which case, England. Henry judged, that by fomenting the troubles of France, he should procure more certain and lasting advantages than by means of his arms. The truth is, by pushing the French vigorously, he ran the risk of uniting them all against him; in which his advantages, probably, would have been inconsiderable; but by granting them some respite, he gave them opportunity to destroy one another: therefore, contrary to every one's expectation, he laid aside his military affairs for near eighteen months, and betook himself entirely to negotiation, which afforded him the prospect of less doubtful advantages. Rapin. completely sheltered those in them from cannon or other warlike machines. - Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 40. NOTE 30, p. 19, col. 2.- Desperate endurance. "After he had prosecuted the siege of this place for some time, the cardinal Ursino repaired to his camp, and endeavored to persuade him to moderate his terms, and agree to an equitable peace: but the king's reply plainly evinced his determination of availing himself of the present situation of public affairs; Do you not see,' said he, that God has brought me hither, as it were by the hand? The throne of France may be said to be vacant; I have a good title to that crown; the whole kingdom is involved in the utmost disorder and confu NOTE 27, p. 19, col. 1.- For many were the warrior sons of sion; few are willing, and still fewer are able, to resist me. Roan. "Yet although the armie was strong without, there lacked not within both hardie capteins and manfull soldiers, and as for people, they had more than inough: for as it is written by some that had good cause to know the truth, and no occasion to erre from the same, there were in the citie at the time of the siege 210,000 persons. Dailie were issues made out of the citie at diverse gates, sometime to the losse of the one partic and sometimes of the other, as chances of warre in such adventures happen."- Holinshed, 566. Can I have a more convincing proof of the interposition of heaven in my favor, and that the Supreme Ruler of all things has decreed that I should ascend the throne of France?" — Hist. of England, by Hugh Clarendon. NOTE 31, p. 19, col. 2. Could we behold their savage Irish Kerns. "With the English sixteen hundred Irish Kernes were enrolled from the prior of Kilmainham; able men, but almost naked; their arms were targets, darts, and swords; their horses little, and bare no saddle, yet nevertheless nimble, on which NOTE 28, p. 19, col. 1. Had made them vow before Almighty upon every advantage they plaied with the French, in spoiling God. "The Frenchmen indeed preferring fame before worldlie riches and despising pleasure (the enemy to warlike prowesse), sware ech to other never to render or deliver the citie, while they might either hold sword in hand or speare in rest." - Holinshed, 566. the country, rifeling the houses, and carrying away children with their baggage upon their cowes backs."— Speed, p. 638. The king of England had in his army numbers of Irish, the greater part of whom were on foot, having only a stocking and shoe on one leg and foot, with the other quite naked. They had targets, short javelins, and a strange sort of knives. Those who were on horseback had no saddles, but rode excellently well on small mountain horses, and were mounted on such panniers as are used by the carriers of corn in parts of France. They were, however, miserably accoutred in comparison with the English, and without any arms that could much hurt the French whenever they might meet them. which they found closed and shut against them, and so they laie betweene the wals of the citie and the trenches of the enemies, still cricing for help and releefe, for lack whereof great numbers of them dailie died."— Holinshed. His mercy. These Irish made frequent excursions during the siege over NOTE 38, p. 20, col. 1. — And when we sent the herald to implore Normandy, and did infinite mischiefs, carrying back to their camp large booties. Those on foot took men, and even children from the cradle, with beds and furniture, and placing them on cows, drove all these things before them, for they were often met thus by the French.-Monstrelet, v. p. 42. At this period, a priest of a tolerable age, and of clear understanding, was deputed, by those besieged in Rouen, to the king of France and his council. On his arrival at Paris, he caused to be explained, by an Augustin doctor, named Eustace de la Paville, in presence of the king and his ministers, the NOTE 32, p. 19, col. 2. — Rufians half-clothed, half-human, half miserable situation of the besieged. He took for his text, baptized. "Domine, quid faciemus?" and harangued upon it very ably and eloquently. When he had finished, the priest addressed the king, saying, "Most excellent prince and lord, I am enjoined by the inhabitants of Ronen to make loud complaints against you, and against you duke of Burgundy, who govern the king, for the oppressions they suffer from the English. They make known to you by me, that if, from want of being succored by you, they are forced to become subjects to the king of England, you will not have in all the world more bitter enemies; and if they can, they will destroy you and your whole congregation." With these or with similar words did this priest address the king and his council. After he had been well received and entertained, and the duke of Burgundy had promised to provide succors for the town of Rouen as - Of Harfleur's wretched people driven speedily as possible, he returned the best way he could to carry this news to the besieged. — Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 54. "In some corners of Connaught, the people leave the right armes of their infants male unchristened (as they terme it), to the end that at any time afterwards they might give a more deadly and ungracious blow when they strike; which things doe not only show how palpably they are carried away by traditious obscurities, but doe also intimate how full their hearts be of inveterate revenge." The book from which this extract is taken wants the title. The title of the second part is, A Prospect of the most famous Parts of the World. Printed for William Humble, in Pope's Head Place. 1646. NOTE 33, p. 19, col. 2. — out. "Some writing of this yeelding up of Harfleur, doo in like sort make mention of the distresse whereto the people, then expelled out of their habitations, were driven; insomuch as parents with their children, yong maids, and old folke went out of the towne gates with heavie harts (God wot), as put to their present shifts to seek them a new abode."- Holinshed, 550. This act of barbarity was perpetrated by Henry, that he might people the town with English inhabitants. "This doth Anglorum prælia report, saieng (not without good ground 1 believe), as followeth : Tum flentes tenera cum prole parentes Oppidulo belli potiuntur jure Britanni ! " — Holinshed. There is a way of telling trutn so as to convey falsehood. After the capture of Harfleur, Stowe says, "All the soldiers and inhabitants, both of the towne and towers, were suffered to goe freely, unharmed, whither they would."--348. Henry's conduct was the same at Caen: he "commanded all women and children to bee avoyded out of the towne, and so the towne was inhabited of new possessors."- Stowe. NOTE 34, p. 19, col. 2. — Knelt at the altar. One of the deputed citizens, "showing himself more rash than wise, more arrogant than learned, took upon him to show wherein the glorie of victorie consisted; advising the king not to show his manhood in famishing a multitude of poore simple and innocent people, but rather suffer such miserable wretches as laie betwixt the walls of the citie and the trenches of his siege, to passe through the camp, that theie might get their living in other places; then if he durst manfullie assault the place, and by force subdue it, he should win both worldlie fame, and merit great meed from the hands of Almightie God, for having compassion of the poore, needie, and indigent people. When this orator had said, the king with a fierce countenance and bold spirit, reproved them for their malapert presumption, in that they should seeme to go about to teach him what belonged to the dutie of a conqueror, and therefore since it appeared that the same was unknown to them, he declared that the goddesse of battell called Bellona had three handmaidens, ever of necessitie attending upon her, as Blood, Fire, and Famine, and whereas it laie in his choice to use them all three, he had appointed onelie the meekest maid of those three damsels to punish them of that citie till they were brought to reason. This answer put the French ambassador in a great studie, musing much at his excellent wit and hawtinesse of courage."— Holinshed. While the court resided at Beauvais, four gentlemen and four citizens of Rouen were sent to lay before the king and council their miserable state: they told them that thousands of persons were already dead with hunger, within their town; Before Henry took possession of Harfleur, he went bare- and that from the beginning of October, they had been forced footed to the church to give God thanks. De Serres. NOTE 35, p. 19, col. 2. — In cold blood slaughtered. Henry, not satisfied with the reduction of Caen, put several of the inhabitants to death, who had signalized their valor in the defence of their liberty.-H. Clarendon. to live on horses, dogs, cats, mice, and rats, and other things NOTE 36, p. 19, col. 2. He groan'd and curs'd in bitterness of their mothers; many, however, had perished without christen heart. After the capture of the city "Luca Italico, the vicar generall of the archbishoprike of Rouen, for denouncing the king accursed, was delivered to him and deteined in prison till he died."- Holinshed. Titus Livius. NOTE 37, p. 20, col. 1.- Drive back the miserable multitude. "A great number of poore sillie creatures were put out of the gates, which were by the Englishmen that kept the trenches beaten and driven back again to the same gates, all which things were grievous and pitiful to be related. They then added, "To you our lord and king, and to you noble duke of Burgundy, the loyal inhabitants of Rouen have before made known their distress: they now again inform you how much they are suffering for you, to which you have not yet provided any remedy according to your promises. We are sent to you for the last time, to announce to you, on the part of the besieged, that if within a few days they are not relieved, they shall surrender themselves and their town to the English king, and thenceforward renounce all allegiance, faith, and service, which they have sworn to you." The king, duke, and council, courteously replied, that the king's forces were not as yet adequate to raise the siege, which they were exceedingly sorry for; but, with God's pleasure, they should very soon be relieved. The deputies asked by what time; the duke answered, before the fourth day after Christmas. They then returned to their town with difficulty, from the great danger of being taken by the besiegers, and related all that had passed. The besieged now suffered the greatest distress; and it is impossible to recount the miseries of the common people from famine it was afterward known that upwards of fifty thousand had perished of hunger. Some, when they saw meat carried through the street, in despair, ran to seize it, and so doing, allowed themselves to be severely beaten, and even wounded. During the space of three months no provisions were seen in the markets, but every thing was sold secretly; and what before the siege was worth a farthing, was sold for twenty, thirty, or even forty; but those prices were too high for the common people, and hence the great mortality I have mentioned.Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 61. NOTE 39, p. 20, col. 1.-A cry of frenzying anguish. The names of our Edwards and Henries are usually cited together, but it is disgracing the Black Prince and his father to mention them with Henry of Monmouth. He was a hardhearted man. We have seen what was his conduct to the famished fugitives from Roan. The same circumstance occurred at the siege of Calais, and the difference between the monarchs cannot be better exemplified than in the difference of their conduct upon the same occasion. "When sir John de Vienne perceived that king Edward intended to lie long there, he thought to rid the town of as many useless mouths as he could; and so on a Wednesday, being the 13th of September, he forced out of the town more than seventeen hundred of the poorest and least necessary people, old men, women, and children, and shut the gates upon them: who being demanded, wherefore they came out of the town, answered with great lamentation, that it was because they had nothing to live on. Then king Edward, who was so fierce in battle, showed a truly royal disposition by considering the sad condition of these forlorn wretches; for he not only would not force them back again into the town, whereby they might help to consume the victuals, but he gave them all a dinner and two pence a-piece, and leave to pass through the army without the least molestation: whereby he so wrought upon the hearts of these poor creatures, that many of them prayed to God for his prosperity."-Joshua Barnes. NOTE 40, p. 20, col. 1.-Nor when the traitor yielded up our toron. Roan was betrayed by its Burgundian governor Bouthellier. During the siege fifty thousand men perished through fatigue, want, and the use of unwholesome provisions. NOTE 41, p. 20, col. 1. — The gallant Blanchard died. Roy d'Angleterre fist coupper la teste à Allain Blanchart cappitaine du commun. - Monstrelet, ff. cxcvii. NOTE 42, p. 20, col. 1.— There where the wicked cease. There the wicked cease from troubling; and the weary be at rest. Job, iii. 17. NOTE 43, p. 20, col. 2. - A pompous shade. him as could be devised, painted curiously to the similitude of a living creature; upon whose head was set an imperial diademe of gold and precious stones, on his body a purple robe furred with ermine, and in his right hand he held a sceptre royal, and in his left hand a ball of gold, with a cross fixed thereon. And in this manner adorned, was this figure laid in a bed in the said chariot, with his visage uncovered towards the heaven: and the coverture of his bed was red silke beaten with gold; and besides that, when the body should passe through any good towne, a canopy of marvellous great value was borne over the chariot by men of great worship. In this manner, accompanied of the king of Scots and of all princes, lords, and knights of his house, he was brought from Roane to Abville, where the corpse was set in the church of Saint Ulfrane. From Abville he was brought to Hedin, and from thence to Monstrueil, so to Bulloigne, and so to Calice. In all this journey were many men about the chariot clothed all in white, which bare in their hands torches burning: after whome followed all the household servants in blacke, and after them came the princes, lords, and estates of the king's blood, adorned in vestures of mourning; and after all this, from the said corpse the distance of two English myles, followed the queene of England right honorably accompanyed. In this manner they entered Calice."— Stowe. At about a league distant followed the queen, with a numerous attendance. From Calais they embarked for Dover, and passing through Canterbury and Rochester, arrived at London on Martinmas-day. When the funeral approached London, fifteen bishops dressed in pontificalibus, several mitred abbots and churchmen, with a multitude of persons of all ranks, came out to meet it. The churchmen chanted the service for the dead as it passed over London-bridge, through Lombard-street, to St. Paul's cathedral. Near the car were the relations of the late king, uttering loud lamentations. On the collar of the first horse that drew the car were emblazoned the ancient arms of England; on that of the second, the arms of France and England quartered the same as he bore during his lifetime; on that of the third, the arms of France simply; on that of the fourth horse were painted the arms of the noble king Arthur, whom no one could conquer: they were three crowns or, on a shield azure. When the funeral service had been royally performed in the cathedral, the body was carried to be interred at Westminster abbey with his ancestors. At this funeral, and in regard to every thing concerning it, greater pomp and expense were made than had been done for two hundred years at the interment of any king of England; and even now as much honor and reverence is daily paid to his tomb, as if it were certain he was a saint in Paradise. Thus ended the life of king Henry in the flower of his age, for when he died he was but forty years old. He was very wise and able in every business he undertook, and of a determined character. During the seven or eight years he ruled in France, he made greater conquests than any of his predecessors had done it is true he was so feared by his princes and captains, that none dared to disobey his orders, however nearly related to him, more especially his English subjects. In this state of obedience were his subjects of France and England in general; and the principal cause was, that if any person transgressed his ordinances, he had him instantly punished without favor or mercy. - Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 375. A noble knight of Picardy used a joking expression to his herald respecting king Henry, which was afterwards often repeated. Sir Sarrasin d' Arly, uncle to the Vidame of Amiens, who might be about sixty years of age, resided in the castle of Achere, which he had with his wife, sister to the lord d'Offemont, near to Pas in Artois. He was laid up with the gout, but very eager in his inquiries after news of what was going on. One day his poursuivant, named Haurenas, of the same age as himself, and who had long served him, returned from making the usual inquiries; and on sir Sarrasin quesIn the mid-day sun a dim and gloomy tioning him and asking him if he had heard any particulars of light. "When all things necessary were prepared for the conveyance of the dead king into England, his body was laid in a chariot, which was drawn by four great horses: and above the dead corpse, they laid a figure made of boiled hides, or leather, representing his person, as near to the semblance of NOTE 44, p. 20, col. 2.—. the death of the king of England, he said that he had, and had even seen his corpse at Abbeville, in the church of St. Ulfran; and then related how he was attired, nearly as has been before described. The knight then asked him on his faith if he had diligently observed him? On his answering that he had, "Now, on thy oath, tell me," added sir Sarrasin, |