manufacturer, though in certain branches of the textile trade conditions were not so good as might be desired. Discussing first the production of cotton, it is necessary to consider previous crops in order to realize the conditions at the beginning of the year. Census Bulletin No. 98 of the Twelfth Census (September 28, 1901), gives statistics for the cotton crop in the United States for 1900. The production in bales (of 500 pounds) is given as follows: Alabama, 1,061,678; Arkansas, 828,820; Florida, 55,696; Georgia, 1,270,597; Indian Territory, 288,114; Kansas, 151; Kentucky, 133; Louisiana, 714,073; Mississippi, 1,055,968; Missouri, 27,980; North Carolina, 509,341; Oklahoma, 116,875; South Carolina, 780,782; Tennessee, 227,601; Texas, 3,536,506; Virginia, 11,833. Thus the crop in 1900 amounted to 10,486,148 bales, as compared with 9,450,000 bales in 1899, and the record crop of 11,270,000 bales raised in 1898. In 1899 there was a short crop not only in America but in Egypt and India, so that when the American crop of 1900 was marketed it brought the highest price that cotton had touched for ten years (12.75 cents January 28, 1901, at New York). With the profits of an excellent season to encourage them, the southern planters early in 1901 made preparations for an active season. With abundant capital, resulting from the successful marketing of the crop of the previous year, extensive purchases of fertilizers were made, and a largely increased acreage was planted. Everywhere possible cotton was planted, and a total of 27,532,000 acres under cultivation was reported to the government-an increase of some 2,000,000, or about 8 per cent. over the acreage of 1900, and about 3,000,000 acres over the usual average acreage. Under such conditions it was evident that the high prices of the early part of the year could not be maintained, and the price steadily fell, until May 13, when middling upland cotton sold at New York for 8 1-16 cents. Soon, however, various weather and other conditions began to make themselves felt, and the late spring and heavy rains of the early summer gave a new aspect to the situation, and put the price higher. On account of these facts and the droughts of August and September in Texas, the average condition of the crop, which was stated at 82 per cent. of perfect on June 1, fell successively month by month, until on October I it was announced as 61.4 per cent., or, with a single exception, the lowest on record in over thirty years, the lowest year referred to being 1896, when but 7,100,000 bales were produced. Successive estimates put lower figures on the production, which was variously given at from 11,200,000 to 10,250,000 bales. On December 3, considerable excitement was produced when the Department of Agriculture submitted its final estimate of 9,674,000 bales, but the estimate was considered too low by many authorities, who added from half a million to a million bales to these figures. The tendency naturally was to put the price up, so that at at the close of 1901 cotton sold in New York for 87-16 cents, as compared with 7 13-16 cents on November 6. India, Egypt, and central Russia were said to have good crops at the close of the year, but as the larger part of the world's production comes from the United States the interest centres in the crops of the South.

The consumption of cotton, however, is not so largely confined to the United States as is its production. Of the 12,141,000 bales, which represented the world's production for the season 1900-01, on September 1, 1901, there remained a visible supply of 1,569,000 bales, while in the hands of the spinners there was an invisible supply of 1,042,000 bales. Of the total production Great Britain took 3,368,000 bales and Continental Europe 4.576,000, while in the United States the spinners used 3.727,000 bales. Of this last amount, 2,150,000 bales were consumed by northern spinners, and 1,557,000 by southern factories. When it is recalled that in 1890 the southern mills consumed only about 613,000 bales, as compared with about 2,000,000 taken by northern mills, the growth of the home consumption and industrial progress in the South is apparent. It may also be added that with the low price of labor in the South, these mills are making substantial profits, and that a considerable amount of the coarser cottons once made by the northern spinners is now woven in the South.

On September 1, 1901, the number of spindles in the world was estimated at 108,069,835, of which number 20,869,835 were credited to the United States, 46,400,000 to Great Britain. 33,000,000 to Continental Europe, 6,700,000 to the East Indies, Japan, and China, 640,000 to Canada, and 460,000 to Mexico. Throughout the world there has been a substantial yearly increase in the number of spindles, as is shown by the following comparative figures: 1897, 99,093.526: 1898, 100,884.679; 1899, 103,675,847; 1000, 105.130.515: 1901, 108,069,835. Considering the increase in spindles in the United States alone, the following figures are of interest and again emphasize the increasing ability of the southern mills to take care of a product peculiarly their own. The figures cover the past three years ending August 31, 1901:

This statement shows that the season of 1900-01 witnessed the greatest increase on record of spindles in southern mills. The mills themselves have also increased in number, but not so rapidly as in the previous year. The large gain in spindles is due to the equipment of the mills then under construction. Among the new mills in the South there are a number devoted to fine yarn goods, an industry that is increasing in prominence.

In distinction to the year 1900, the year 1901 was generally satisfactory to the manufacturers and dealers in cotton goods. The chief reason was that the markets of China, closed on account of the Boxer uprising, were again thrown open, and there have been large exports for this trade. The decline in the exports to China, caused by the outbreak, is shown in the following statement of exports for the past three fiscal years ending June 30:

During the year 1901, however, conditions changed and there were large shipments to China, which normally takes about one-half of the exports of cotton goods sent out from the United States. At the close of the year figures were available for the ten months ending October 31 and are given below in a series of tables, while for purposes of comparison figures for similar periods in 1900 are given. The total exports in these ten months were:

The interesting question is, to what countries are these exports shipped? This is indicated in the two following tables, the first showing the countries where the exports for ten months in 1901 increased over those in 1900, while the second table shows those countries where there has been a decrease:

As regards the domestice trade in cotton goods, the year 1901 was considered generally satisfactory. Printed calicoes do not enjoy the sale that they once did, and there was less demand in 1901 than previously. Other printed fabrics, however, have met with good sales, and there have been substantial profits to the manufacturers. The mills in Fall River, Mass., where there are usually various labor troubles or other vicissitudes to be recorded, did not enjoy as successful a year as in 1900, since for a part of the time print cloths sold for less than the cost of manufacture. An average dividend of 5.37 per cent. on a capital stock of $21,301,000 was paid-a rate which is more than 2 per cent. less than that of the previous year, and about .75 per cent. less than the average for thirteen years.

COTTON, General FREDERICK CONYERS, English military engineer, died in London, October 12, 1901. He was born in England in 1807, and entered the army, in the Madras engineers, at an early age. After serving for some time in the Public Works Department he was employed in the first China War as assistant, and later as commanding engineer. It was for distinguished services in this war that he was brevetted major-general. For several years he was associated with his brother, Sir Arthur Cotton, on the India irrigation works on the Godavari. He retired from active service in 1860.

CREIGHTON, Rt. Rev. MANDELL, Anglican bishop of London, died in London, January 14, 1901. He was born at Carlisle, Northumberland, July 5, 1843, and was educated at Durham Grammar School and Merton College, Oxford, graduating with the highest honors in 1886. At graduation he was elected a fellow of his college and remained at Oxford as tutor until 1875. During this time he took the orders of deacon, 1870, and priest, 1873, and in 1875 assumed a vicarage, the college living at Embleton in his native shire. This he left in 1884 to reenter academic life as occupant of the Dixie chair of ecclesiastical history established at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in that year. In 1891 he became Bishop of Peterborough and continued there until translated to the see of London in 1897, in which year he became, exofficio, a privy councillor. Dr Creighton represented Emmanuel College at the 250th anniversary of the founding of Harvard University in 1886, and the Church of England at the coronation of Czar Nicholas II. in 1896. As bishop of London he had to confront many delicate questions relating to the form of the church service, the disposition of which was a distinctive commentary on his discretion and impartiality, in view of his widely known sympathy with High Church principles. As an historian, Bishop Creighton ranked high. His chief works are History of the Papacy (5 vols., 1882-94), an authority on the subject; Age of Elizabeth (1876); and Cardinal Wolsey (1888). He was also the founder and first editor (1886-91) of the English Historical Review.

CREMATION OF THE DEAD. In January, 1901, the first municipally owned crematory in Great Britain was opened at Hull, England. The crematory is described as a brick building comprising a hall or chapel 24 feet square, a second room containing the incinerating chamber, and a tower 70 feet high. The cremating apparatus is a furnace of the regenerative type, designed by the late Henry Simon, president of the Manchester Crematorium Society. It consists of three interior chambers, the two lower of which are surrounded by air passages. The lower chamber contains a coke fire, and the upper one is that in which the cremation takes place. The fire is lighted some hours before the apparatus is used, and is supplied with air in the usual way. By the time the apparatus is ready for use the walis of the air passages are thoroughly heated. Most of the direct air supply is then cut off, and the partially consumed gas (carbonic oxide) from the coke is allowed to mix in the second chamber with the air heated by passing through the side air-passages. The incinerating chamber is thus filled with gas of an intensely oxidizing character in a state of incandescence. The degree of heat can be regulated in the most exact manner. There is no smoke and little visible flame before the body is introduced, and if the coffin is made in accordance with the regulations, there is no smoke and no noise during the cremation. The process occupies about one hour, at the end of which, there remain only the inorganic bases of the bones, in the form of silvery gray, pumice-like fragments. These remains are placed in an urn. The interior of the cremating chamber is at no time visible to the mourners. When the committal sentence in the religious service is read, the coffin passes noiselessly by means of invisible mechanical arrangements, through curtains, into an intermediate chamber, and the curtain falls behind he coffin as it enters the cremating chamber. The charge for cremating the bodies of residents within the city is £1 Is., or a little over $5; for non-residents, it is £3 3s. The mayor, in his address at the opening of the crematory, spoke of the urgent need of the general adoption of this method of disposal. He said that when one realized that at least 500,000 people died in one year in the United Kingdom, they would at once see how the disposal of the dead might be a serious menace to the health of those who live in the large cities and towns. Several other English cities have obtained authority from Parliament to construct crematories.

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The first legal recognition of cremation in the Dominion of Canada was obtained by its advocates in 1901, hen a bill was passed, after a close vote, by the Quebec legislature, granting powers to the authorities of the Mount Royal Cemetery to construct and operate a crematory. Determined opposition was made by the Roman Catholic members of the legislature, and after their defeat the Archbishop of Montreal issued a pastoral letter, in which he condemned cremation strongly, and stated that it is prohibited for all adherents of the Church.

In the United States, during 1901, one additional crematory was completed-that at Portland, Ore. There are now twenty-six crematories in the United States and one

at Montreal, Canada. All are owned and operated by private corporations. A cremation congress was called to meet at Buffalo during the Pan-American Exposition, but was adjourned on account of the assassination of President McKinley. During the autumn of 1901 a book entitled A Quarter Century of Cremation in North America, written by John Storer Cobb, the honorary president of the New England Cremation Society, was published for that organization. The book gives a history of the movement in America, and also contains a brief account of its advance in Europe. Statistical tables with summaries show the number of cremations that have been made in each crematory in both America and Europe. A very full bibliography is also included. The table relating to the United States is given herewith. The total number of cremations in Europe, at the close of 1900, were: Italy, 4,110; Denmark, 146; France, 2,245; Germany, 4,261; Great Britain, 2,482; Sweden, 721; Switzeriand, 719; grand total, 14,684.

CRETE, a Mediterranean island constituting an autonomous state subject to the suzerainty of Turkey. The capital is Canea.

Area, Population, and Industries.-The total area is 3,326 square miles. The census of June 17, 1900, showed the population, exclusive of 6,096 foreigners, to be 301,273, of whom 267,266 were Greek, 33,281 Mohammedan, and 726 Jewish. Compared with the census of 1881, the Greek element showed an increase of 62,256, and the Mohammedan a decrease of 39.955. The Mohammedan population is chiefly in the three towns of Candia, Canea, and Retimo.

Agriculture, though the principal industry, is neglected. The chief product, olive oil, and soap are the leading exports. The total imports and exports in the fiscal year 1899 were valued at 12,351,105 drachmai (19.3 cents) and 6,600.198 drachmai respectively. The commerce is largely with Greece and Turkey.

Government and Finance.-Through the intervention of Great Britain, Russia, France, and Italy in 1898, Crete became an autonomous state under the nominal suzerainty of Turkey. Prince George, second son of the King of the Hellenes, was chosen high commissioner by the powers, and he has held the office since December 21, 1898. The constitution, adopted April 28. 1899, places the executive authority with the high commissioner, who is assisted by a council of five members (four Christian and one Mohammedan). The legislative power devolves upon an elective assembly, in which Mohammedan representation is assured; ten deputies are appointed by the high commissioner. Questions concerning foreign relations are determined by representatives of the four protecting powers at Rome.

Revenue is derived largely from direct taxes, and the principal expenditures are for internal administration. Import duties are forbidden. The estimated revenue and expenditure for the fiscal year ending August 31, 1900, balanced at 5,274.118 drachmai; for the fiscal year 1901, revenue, 6,263,195 drachmai, and expenditure, 6,994,255 drachmai; for the fiscal year 1902, revenue, 4,046,890 drachmai, and expenditure, 4,568,464 drachmai.

History. The results of the elections to the legislative assembly at the end of

April, 1901, were: Opposition members, 54; government supporters, 6 (of whom, however, 3 were doubtful); Mussulmans, 3; while 10 other deputies were to be designated by Prince George. The assembly convened on May 31 and passed a censure upon the administration for extravagance, inefficiency, and particularly neglect of public works.

During 1901 anti-Mussulman influence in Crete was active for the annexation of the island to Greece. Late in February Prince George was informed that his proposals for such annexation and for the supersession of the international_troops by Greek troops had been rejected by the protecting powers-Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy. He reported his failure to the assembly upon its convening May 31, whereupon that body adopted a resolution requesting the powers "to put a crown on their noble and philanthropic work by granting union with Greece." The resolution was communicated by Prince George to the consuls, who, acting on instructions from their respective governments, returned the document to the Prince; while on June 18 the protecting powers, through the consuls, delivered to Prince George a declaration intimating their determination to maintain the status quo. The joint note pointed out that any infringement of the rights of the Sultan might not only arouse the Moslem inhabitants of Crete, but subject Greece again to the hostility of Turkey, while the existing arrangement, insuring simplicity of administration and exemption from heavy taxation, best tended, in the opinion of the powers, to the moral and material improvement of the inhabitants. Moreover, it was feared that annexation would open the "Balkan question," which "every European cabinet, including that of Greece," was "anxious to keep dormant." A conservative and apparently sound opinion, and one that was widely shared by the press, was thus stated in the London Saturday Review: "A change in the relations of Turkey to the Balkan states is certain, and circumstances, if not the a.tion of the Sultan, must soon upset the present artificial balance. A feature of the reconstruction will probably be the incorporation of Crete with Greece, but the time is not yet. The Cretans have no immediate grievance, and the only hope for the peace of the future is that the intricacy of this arrangement and relation of the near eastern countries should be simplified slowly as the several difficulties arise."

In July, 1901, it was reported that Prince George and the chamber of deputies were at variance on several questions of administration. The Prince demanded the nomination of mayors by himself, while the deputies insisted that mayors should continue to be elected by popular vote. Through the vote of ten deputies appointed by the Prince, the chamber, by a majority of one, accorded the Prince the right of appointing the mayors. The government stated that the Prince's reason for wanting this power was his wish to obviate dissensions incident to local elections.

The high commissioner and the deputies were also at odds with regard to the press. The Prince held that in addition to his right to suppress publication, he had the right to press censorship; this position was opposed by the deputies, who kept well in mind the arbitrary measures taken against the liberty of the press by the Prince's secretary, M. Papadiamantopoulos. It was stated that the Prince would respond to a strong feeling in Crete if he would break from Greek influence and appoint an adviser from some disinterested nation, such as Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, or the United States.

Representatives of the four protecting powers decided on November 19, 1901, that Cretans sentenced in Turkey for political or common-law offenses should be transferred to Crete, and that the Cretan flag and Cretan passports should be recognized by the Ottoman government. See ARCHEOLOGY (paragraph Crete).

CRETINISM. A congenital or infantile form of myxedema, though loosely used to include cases of that disease beginning at eight to twelve years of age. In some cases of myxedema, the functional activity of the thyroid gland is diminished by disease, and in others there is a formation of new tissue in the gland, forming a goitre. Cretinism is epidemic in valleys in the mountainous districts of Europe and Asia, and is sporadic in the British Isles, France, South Australia, and America. In the congenital form of the disease, the infant is stunted, the body swollen and sodden, the nose broad, flat and retroussé; the cheeks are baggy; the lips thick, the lower one being everted; the mouth is large, and the tongue, which is thick and broad, generally protrudes. The ears are large, the brow is narrow in front, while the posterior fontanelle remains open and the occiput is broad. The skin is dry and rough; the neck is short and thick. The abdomen is prominent and pendulous, and the spine is arched forward. The legs are short and thick. There is early mental arrest and the patient is an idiot. It was reported in 1901 that in the eastern part of France there were 32 cretins per thousand, and in the whole of France about 125,000 cretins and myxedematous idiots. In Switzerland and in Austria the number is said to be as great as in France. In North America up to the present time less than 100 cases of sporadic cretinism have been reported. Treatment of the condition consists in graduated doses of thyroid gland.