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and 40,000,000 acres; but while the islands are densely wooded, no extensive tracts of pure forest of single species are known, and lumbering for a particular kind will be expensive and difficult. The revenue received during the first year of American management netted a decided increase over that previously reported, and it has been estimated that under scientific management a revenue of $1,000,000 may be annually secured. The white ants or termites are a source of much timber destruction in the islands, and on account of them care must be exercised in selecting structural timbers. An experiment conducted for a short time only seemed to indicate that white cedar, hemlock, and redwood from the Pacific Coast States were nearly or entirely exempt from their attacks. A report on Some Important Timber Trees of the Philippines has been recently issued by Capt. G. P. Ahern, chief of the insular Bureau of Forestry. See PHILIPPINES (paragraph Forests and Timber Products). State Forestry.-Important advance has been made in a number of States along lines of forestry. Pennsylvania has established a Department of Forestry, with Dr. J. T. Rothrock as commissioner. The department is given authority to acquire lands for timber reserves and is given control of all such State property, which now amounts to 324,000 acres, of which 30,000 acres are in an almost solid body and protect the headwaters of a number of streams which empty into the Delaware River. In Connecticut the legislature has provided the beginning of forest improvement and extension. In connection with the Board of Control of the State Experiment Station, a forester has been appointed and an appropriation was made to begin experiments in the reforestation of barren lands with oak, pine, and chestnut, the lands to become State parks. The legislature of Indiana has authorized the appointment of a State Board of Forestry and has reduced to a nominal sum the taxes upon lands devoted exclusively to forest purposes. Michigan has placed 100,000 acres of public domain to the use of its Forest Commission. In Minnesota non-agricultural lands reverting to the State through delinquent taxes are set aside as forest reserves. California has appropriated $260,000 to purchase a redwood reserve in the Santa Cruz mountains as a State park. The legislatures of all of the States in which parts of the proposed Appalachian Forest Reserve are located have passed laws exempting such lands from taxation and have permitted the passing of title of all lands acquired for the purposes of the park. The town of Brunswick, Me., has the distinction of being the first municipality in the United States to engage actively in forest planting. A tract of 100 acres belonging to the town will be planted to white pine. The land is now wholly unproductive, but it is hoped that it will become revenue producing, as is the case of many municipal forests in Europe. A majority of the States have laws which relate to forest fires. In several these have been amended recently to make them more effective, but the difficulty of enforcement annuls most of them.

Forest Associations, Schools, etc.-The summer meeting of the American Forestry Association was held at Denver, Col., August 27-29, 1901, with a large attendance. Numerous papers of interest were presented and illustrated lectures were delivered by Mr. Gifford Pinchot on The Government and the Forest Preserves, and by Mr. F. H. Newell on Forests and Irrigation. The twentieth annual meeting of the association was held at Washington, D. C., on December 11, 1901, Hon. James Wilson, secretary of agriculture, was reelected president. An international Society of Arboriculture was organized at Connersville, Ind., in June, with delegates from thirty-seven States and many foreign countries. A forest association was organized in Tennessee in August, and it held its first general meeting at Nashville in November. A Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests was organized during 1901. A Park and Forest Association was organized at Des Moines, Ia., which will urge the appointment of a State Commission. The Massachusetts Forest Association held its fourth annual meeting in Boston in December. The successful efforts of the association in preventing the despoliation of the Blue Hill reservation was reported and measures looking towards the preservation of Greylock Mountain were announced. The Minnesota Forest Association met in Minneapolis in December, when a resolution was adopted pledging the organization to use its best endeavors to secure a national forest reserve in Minnesota to protect the headwaters of the Mississippi River. There are now said to be twenty-two national and State forest associations in the United States.

The Forestry Schools of the country report a successful year's work and increased attendance. At the New York State College of Forestry, which is affiliated with Cornell University, 38 students were enrolled against 17 in 1900. The Yale Forestry School reports an enrollment of 31 students and II students are matriculated at the Biltmore School of Forestry. The New York institution will hereafter grant its graduates the degree of Forest Engineer instead of Bachelor of the Science of Forestry. The Yale School held a very successful summer school at Milford, Pa., where courses of instruction were given those who did not wish to take the longer courses at the regular school. Agitation

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has been begun for the establishment of schools of forestry in connection with the University of Minnesota and the State College of Pennsylvania. Some degree of instruction in forestry is now given at more than fifty of our agricultural colleges and other educational institutions. See LANDS, PUBLIC.

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FORMOSA, an island belonging to Japan, in the Pacific Ocean, lies 100 miles off the coast of China, and 250 miles north of the Philippines. It has an area of 13,458 square miles, and a population, according to the census of December 31, 1898, of 2,690,096, the larger part of whom are Chinese. The seat of government is at Taipei. The island is very mountainous. The interior, inhabited by an uncivilized race of Malays, is almost inaccessible. The largest city is Tainan, other towns of importance being Tamsui and Auping. Since its acquisition by Japan in 1898 the island has been under military rule. The administration is in charge of a governorgeneral and magistrates for each of the six districts into which the island is divided. The Pescadores, a small group of islands off the western coast, are attached to Formosa for administrative purposes. The budget of 1901 for Formosa balanced at 22,126,483 yen (the yen is worth 49.8 cents). The Japanese government furnished a subsidy of 8,998,000 yen, and over 9,000,000 yen were received from government monopolies, of which the camphor monopoly is the most valuable. The island produces tea, coal, camphor, sugar, rice, indigo, and fruits. The total exports, exclusive of the trade with Japan, amounted in 1899 to 11,092,623 yen, and the imports to 14,273,094 yen. The export trade is largely with China (8,692,467 yen in 1899), with Hong Kong, whence transshipment is made to Europe, and with the United States. The value of the principal items of export in 1899 were: Black tea, 5,295,796 yen; camphor, in the production of which Formosa leads the world, 1,732,740 yen; rice, 1,265,727 yen, and sugar, 1,586,945 yen. There are two railway lines, one connecting Takow and Kelung and the other Tainan and Taipei.

FORSHELL, HANS LUDWIG, Swedish statesman, died at San Bernardino, Switzerland, August 2, 1901. He was born at Gräsle, Sweden, in 1843, and entered the University of Upsala in 1859, where he became in 1866 doctor of philosophy and docent of history. In 1874 he was chosen secretary of the National Bank of Sweden, and a year later was made minister of finance. Resigning from this post in 1880, in consequence of a disagreement with the Swedish premier, he became president of the board in control of the public domain. For some years preceding 1897 he was a member of the Swedish Chamber, and took an active part in the discussion of public affairs.

FOSSIL BOTANY. Text-books on this subject are much needed, and it is pleasing to record the appearance of a new one, namely, Studies in Fossil Botany, by D. H. Scott (London, 1900). Amcng the recently published papers on this subject may be mentioned the Stratigraphical Succession of the Fossil Floras of the Pottsville Formation in the Southern Anthracite Coal-fields, by David White, United States Geological Survey, Twentieth Annual Report, pt. 2, pp. 749-930; A Study of Some American Fossil Cycads, by G. R. Wieland, pt. iv., American Journal of Science, June, 1901, p. 423.

FOSTER, L. L., American educator, died at Dallas, Tex., December 2, 1901. He was born in Georgia in 1853, and went to Texas in 1867. Self-educated, he was engaged for a time in journalistic work, and later went into State politics. He served three terms in the legislature of Texas, once as speaker, and later was appointed commissioner of insurance statistics and history. In 1898 he was manager of Governor Sayer's campaign, and in the same year was made president of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College.

FOUNTAINS, ELECTRIC. See ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER.

FOUQUIER, JACQUES FRANÇOIS HENRI, French journalist, died in Paris, December 25, 1901. He was born at Marseilles, September 1, 1838, and studied both law and medicine, without however taking a degree in either. In 1861, after some years of travel in Spain and Italy and a course of study in Italian art, he went to Paris, where he engaged in journalism. As special correspondent he was with Garibaldi in the campaign of 1867, and in 1870 he was sent on a government mission to Marseilles, where he founded, with M. Labadie, La Vraie République. After holding the posts of secretary of the department and prefect, he returned to Paris and was appointed press censor in the interior department. In 1885 he was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and was reelected in 1889. He published a number of volumes on art and literature, including: Etudes Artistiques (1859); l'Art Officiel et la Liberté (1861); Au Siècle Dernier (1884); La Sagesse Parisienne (1885); and, with M. Ranc, a five-act drama, Le Roman d'une Conspiration (1890). FRANCE, a republic of western Europe lying between the Atlantic Ocean on the west and Germany on the east. The capital is Paris.

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Area and Population.-The area, including Corsica (3,377 square miles), is placed at 204,092 square miles. The census returns for 1901, published in June, show the population to be 38,641,333, an increase since 1896 of only 123,358. The increase of Paris and its suburbs slightly exceeds this small increase, so that the population of the rest of France actually declined. And the greater part of the increase in Paris was due to foreign immigration. The population of the principal cities has undergone the following changes: Paris has increased from 2,536,824 in 1896 to 2,660,559 in 1901; Marseilles from 442,239 to 494,769; Lyons from 446,428 to 453,145; Bordeaux from 256,906 to 257,471; Lille has declined from 216,976 to 215,431, and Toulouse from 149,963 to 147,696. Since 1850 the population of France, allowing for alterations of boundaries, has increased only from 35,000,000 to 38,641,000, whereas that of Great Britain has risen from 27,000,000 to 41,000,000; Germany, from 35,000,000 to 56,000,000; Austria-Hungary, from 30,000,000 to 45,000,000; Italy from 23,000,000 to 32,000,000, and Russia (partly owing to annexations), from 66,000,000 to 128,000,000. France has been long preoccupied with the question of depopulation, which, it seems to be admitted, is largely caused by social conditions. One of these conditions is the disinclination to marriage, and another and more potent one is the reduction in the size of the families. "Families having only one child, or at the most two children, are becoming in the country as in the towns an almost universal rule." No one wants to marry a girl unless she has a dot or dowry and is able after marriage to meet her own expenses. A father seems to think it necessary to provide for all his children; that is, to lay up a sum to support his daughter during life, and also, if possible, for his son. In the country there is an endless subdivision of land, a father parceling and reparceling his own small patrimony so as to make room for his children on the same plot. In other words, there is too much frugality and altogether too little initiative and independence.

Frenchmen are probably most concerned with the comparison between the population of France and that of Germany, since, in days of universal conscription, the balance of numbers on either side of a land frontier becomes of immense importance. The German census of 1900 gave a population exceeding 56,000,000, a number practically half as large again as that of France. France stands alone among the great nations of Europe in slowness of numerical increase. In contradistinction to the general apprehension with which the "depopulation" of France is regarded by most serious men, a view has been advanced in some quarters that has the merit of novelty, if not of perfect soundness, and contains, too, a good deal of truth. This looks upon the failure of the French people to increase more in the nature of a good than a calamity, and points out that a teeming population is not an unredeemed blessing, if with it comes want, lack of employment, and overcrowding, as is the case with Great Britain and Italy; as one Frenchman wittily remarked, "Germany has doubled its population within the last 50 years and is now in the throes of a famine." Certain it is that France in a great measure has been spared such industrial crises as have visited all the other European countries at various times during the last decade.

Religion and Instruction.-No religious census is taken in France. The government contributes to the maintenance of all forms of public worship having a considerable number of adherents. In 1901 the government contribution, divided in proportion to numerical strength, was 41,158,923 francs to Roman Catholics, 1,495,100 to Protestants, and 206,530 to Jews. Primary and secondary education is partly in the hands of the state and partly under the control of various Catholic organizations. For the relation of the question of public instruction to the Catholic congregations, see paragraph Associations Bill, under History. In 1899 the public schools were attended by 4,159,576 children, of whom 3,814,676 attended the lay schools and 354.902 the clerical schools. The number of children enrolled in private schools during the same year was 1,369,721, of whom more than 90 per cent. attended Catholic schools. Secondary education is provided for by state institutions known as lycées and by communal colleges, to the latter of which the state also contributes in part. In 1899 the number of lycées for boys was 110, with an attendance of 51,997, and the number of communal colleges was 229, with an enrollment of 32,510. In private institutions at the same time, secondary instruction was imparted to 79,007 boys, of whom more than 85 per cent. attended the ecclesiastical schools. In 1899 the number of girls enrolled in the various secondary institutions was 16,233. The universities of France afford instruction in letters, theology, science, law, medicine, and pharmacy. In 1901 the number of students in the state universities was 29,901. The enrollment in the principal universities was: Paris, 12,289 (the largest in the world); Lyons, 2,458; Bordeaux, 2,119, and Toulouse, 2,040.

Government.-France has been under a republican form of government since the fall of Napoleon III. (September 4, 1870). The present constitution was adopted in 1875 and has been repeatedly amended since that time. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and à Chamber of Deputies, and the executive authority is exercised by a president. The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 584 members, elected

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by universal suffrage for a period of four years. The various departments of France are divided for electoral purposes into arrondissements, of which each chooses one deputy. The senators, who hold office for nine years, are 300 in number and are elected by the general municipal and district councils of each department, together with the deputies and senators from that department. One-third of the Senate is retired every three years. There are at present 16 life senators, selected by the National Assembly of 1875. The two houses in joint session elect the president of the republic. He holds office for seven years and is aided in the performance of his duties by a council of ministers responsible to the lower Chamber. For purposes of local administration the country is divided into 87 departments, governed by prefects. The unit of municipal government is the commune. The president in power during 1901 was M. Emile Loubet, elected February 18, 1899. The premier and minister of the interior was M. Waldeck-Rousseau. Other leading members of the cabinet were M. Delcassé, the foreign minister, and M. Millerand, minister of commerce, industry, posts, and telegraphs. The legal system is based on the Code Napoléon. The courts of first instance are the justices of the peace and police magistrates for the trial of petty offenses, and correctional tribunals for more serious cases of misdemeanor. There are courts of assizes, with a jury, for the trial of criminal offenses. Tribunals of second instance are the 26 courts of appeal for the review of criminal trials, conducted without a jury. The Court of Cassation is the court of last resort. Its jurisdiction, however, is limited only to questions of law. It also listens to appeals from the jury courts of assize.

Army. The French army, which is based on conscription, is the third in size among the European nations, that of Russia ranking first and Germany second. Every male citizen between the ages of 20 and 45 is liable to military duty, the terms of service being 3 years in the active army, 10 years in the reserve, 6 years in the territorial army, and 6 years in the territorial reserve. The land forces are subdivided into 20 corps d'armée, each of which is a complete organization with respect to the different arms of the service-infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers, and train. In addition to the regular forces, the troops of the military department of Paris and the gendarmerie are liable to service in time of war. In 1901 the peace strength of the army was 27,044 officers and 494,469 men in France, and 2,946 officers and 74,806 men in Algeria and Tunis.

Navy. The French navy ranks next after that of Great Britain, for simultaneously with the development of her colonial policy France has fostered the growth of her fleet. On February 1, 1901, the strength of the French fleet was as follows: Battleships of the first class, 5, with 3 building, and 3 projected; battleships of the second class, 7; and battleships of the third class, 13. The number of armored cruisers was 13, with 6 building and 5 projected, and the number of protected cruisers was 40. There were also 15 torpedo gunboats, II destroyers, with 4 building and 8 projected; and 176 torpedo boats of different classes. On the same date there were 10 submarine boats in commission, 4 building and 10 planned. As may be seen, the French navy is especially strong in torpedo boats, upon which great reliance is placed in the matter of coast defense. France also takes the lead in the construction of submarine craft, based upon different models. So far they have proved quite satisfactory. On October 26, 1901, the Léon Gambetta, a first-class battleship of 12.500 tons, was launched at Brest. Early in the year orders were placed for the Victor Hugo, a sister ship to the Gambetta. Twenty-eight destroyers and II first-class torpedo boats were planned for the immediate future. In 1898 the naval establishment numbered 1,733 officers and 40,589 men.

Finance. The revenue is derived from direct taxation (lands, buildings, furniture, doors, windows, and patents) and indirect taxation (customs, monopolies, and state enterprises). In 1899 the revenue amounted to 3,496,863,520 francs. In 1900, according to the budget officially adopted, the revenue was 3,547,932,981 francs. For 1901 the estimates were 3,551,570,497 francs. The chief items of expenditure are the public debt, war, navy, instruction and fine art, public works, posts and telegraphs, and colonies. The preliminary budget for 1902 showed an increased expenditure of 43,000,000 francs, which is only partially counterbalanced by an increase of 35,000,000 francs in the revenue. In 1901 the receipts from customs showed an unexpected decline, and during the first nine months of the year the income fell 80,000,000 francs below the estimate. The most important attempt at financial legislation of 1901 was a bill passed by the Chamber on February 22, greatly increasing the scale of duties in the inheritance tax. The bill, though rejected by the Senate, is interesting as illustrating the growing tendency in France to impose heavy burdens upon capital. The proposed measure provided for an increase of one-twelfth in the tax on all legacies above one million francs. Between five and ten millions the increase was by one-eighth; between ten and twenty millions, by one-half; between twenty and one hundred millions, double the existing tax, and over one hundred millions, three times. The full severity of the measure will be appreciated if the existing scale of taxation be considered. At present the law imposes a tax of 1 per cent.

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FRENCH STATESMEN.-President Loubet (upper left corner), Delcassé (upper right), Waldeck-Rousseau (lower left), Deschanel (lower right).

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