commercial treaties might not be concluded by the government. Provisions, however, were made for reciprocity treaties, and also for retaliatory duties against countries not according "most favored nation" privileges to Germany. The government intended the bill, if enacted, to go into effect upon the expiration of the existing treaties of commerce-that is, on January 1, 1904.

So comprehensive were the concessions of the bill to the Agrarians, showing a general advance of from 50 per cent. to 300 per cent. on food stuffs, that a storm of protest was immediately called forth from the entire liberal, industrial, and commercial press. The most important advances over the old tariff schedule were in cereals, meats, and live animals. The advance on wheat will affect most directly the United States, Argentina, Russia, and the Balkan states, while that on rye will chiefly affect Russia. The public discussion of the bill was directed principally to what German manufacturers regarded as its inadequacy in protecting their industries, and to the large advances in the duties on food products, which advances would be most keenly felt by the non-agricultural classes. So serious seemed the prospect of the increased values in food 1.aterials that the Berlin Tageblatt said the new tariff would "revolutionize the whole economic, industrial, and commercial status of the German people, drive a large proportion of the laboring classes back to a diet of black bread and potatoes, diminish the productive strength of the nation, and its consequent power of competition, and by provoking reprisals from agricultural nations, like Argentina, Austria, and Russia-to say nothing of the United Statesimperil the foreign markets for German manufactures, which have been to so large an extent the mainstay of the empire's export trade."

The uncompromising attitude of the Agrarians in their struggle for high tariffs on agricultural products has doubtless in many instances been caused by actual need. The landlords have suffered severely by falling prices and a rising rate of farm wages. Upon the impetus toward industrialism and the general movement of population to the cities many of the landlords mortgaged their estates and bought shares in the new industrial companies. Manufacturing interests were encouraged by the emperor, who, in the expectation of large returns from this new development of German enterprise, proposed the construction of great canals and large expenditures on the navy "to protect our growing commerce.' When the inevitable overproduction and reaction came-in 1900-01-the landlords, as well as those directly engaged in industrial enterprises, suffered severely. But since German agriculture is on the decline and the real hope of German prosperity seems to lie in manufacturing industries, the position taken by the government for a tariff distinctively favoring agricultural produce to the detriment, indirectly at least, of manufactures, is, according to the New York Journal of Commerce, "remarkable as anything ever presented in the history of national economy." It was pointed out that as soon as England realized that progress depended on her manufactures she took the taxes off foodstuffs, and that the United States, already having cheap food, had fostered industries by the protective tariff; but "Germany is undertaking to make food dear when the great national development has been in the line of manufacturing; when all the gain in population for twenty or thirty years has been in the towns; when great efforts are being made to get foreign business for the manufacturers; . . . when the industries of the country are prostrated; when wages have been reduced and great numbers of persons have been thrown out of employment, and manufacturing corporations that paid 30 per cent. dividends last year are passing their dividends this year. It would have been impossible to take action, which in its character and its inopportuneness would be a greater blow to the industrial, and in general the urban, population of Germany."

The London Speaker declared that the proposed tariff would not only "force Russia and the United States to retaliatory measures, but would shake to its very foundations the Triple Alliance;" it would drive Austria, as well as Russia and the United States, to seek new markets. On the announcement of the bill the Austro-Hungarian minister in Berlin advised the German government that its enactment would doubtless have a prejudicial effect on the Triple Alliance, while later both M. Szell, the Hungarian premier, and Count Goluchowski, the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, declared that no treaty of commerce could be concluded with Germany on the basis of the proposed bill. M. Szell added that by adopting the tariff Germany "would raise the whole world in opposition to her." The semi-official Vienna Fremdenblatt went so far as to say. "If Germany wishes a tariff war, Austria, Russia, and the United States will be ready to accommodate her."

In introducing the tariff bill in the Reichstag on December 2, 1901, Count von Bülow, the imperial chancellor, attempted with little success to reconcile the opposing agricultural and industrial interests. "Possibly," said the London Spectator, "if he could have arranged so that each party could be present during one-half of his speech and absent during the other, he might have achieved some success.' The chancellor said that Germany was exclusively neither an industrial nor an

agrarian state, but both at once, and that while the purpose of the tariff was to "meet the wishes expressed by the agricultural interest in favor of increased protection," the bill furnished the basis on which a good system of protection and a "fair compromise" might be founded. This "fair compromise," however, was not obvious. The chancellor seemed unconscious of the distress existing in many branches of German industry, and the argument that high prices for farm products mean an increase in the cost of living seemed to have little weight with him. It seemed, indeed, that his position was due not so much to a desire for the amelioration of economic conditions as to his wish to secure parliamentary approval of the ministry. Even this, however, did not seem absolutely certain, since some of the Agrarian extremists announced that though the proposed tariffs on foreign products were high they would not vote for the bill unless these tariffs were made practically prohibitive. When the Reichstag adjourned for the Christmas recess, the debate on the first reading of the tariff bill had been concluded and the bill referred to a committee. At the close of 1901 opposition, both in the Reichstag and among the people, had become so keen that the bill seemed to have small chance of enactment in its existing form.

The Meat Inspection Law.-The meat inspection law, which was enacted in May, 1900, does not seem to be popular. Although the government insisted that the bill was essentially a sanitary measure, and although in its final form it was not generally approved by the Agrarians, still in 1901 it was regarded in some quarters as "a cloak, faded and worn, hung over the Agrarian idol." Since the law went into effect the prices of meat have risen materially, and as foreign canned meats, corned beef, sausages, etc., are entirely excluded, fresh meats considerably more expensive are forced on the market. Such a condition is burdensome to the industrial population. Strikes.-During 1900 there were begun in Germany 1,492 strikes and 1,433 strikes were brought to an end. These strikes affected 7,740 different business concerns and 298,819 persons, while the greatest number of persons on strike at one time was 122,803. In proportion the number of lockouts was exceedingly small.

Early in 1901 the German supreme court handed down a decision, which though involving an insignificant amount of money was of great importance in establishing a principle touching strikes. The case arose from the refusal of twenty molders employed in an iron foundry to finish some models sent from a foundry where a strike was on. They were finally discharged without the usual notice and were sued for damages by the employer. Judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff, holding the defendants jointly and separately for the entire damage, and the superior court, to which appeal was taken, affirmed the verdict. The court held that the law does not expect an employer to yield to the unlawful refusal of his employees to do certain work, although the latter may be willing to do other work; while the immediate discharge of the defendants did not exclude the claim for damages, since the premature dissolution of the labor relation was caused through the defendants' own fault, for the detrimental consequences of which they were responsible.

Colonies. During the debates in the Reichstag on the colonial estimates in March, 1901, Dr. Stuebel, the director of the colonial department of the foreign office, admitted that the commercial development of the German colonies had been disappointing a fact he attributed to difficulties of internal communication. He denied the accusations of Herr Bebel that recent revolts in German colonies were due to the hut tax, and stated that efforts were being made to ameliorate as far as possible the abuses accompanying domestic slavery in German East Africa. In the last few years the colonial budget has greatly increased, while so insignificant are the German customs receipts on products imported from German colonies that it is thought both the mother country and the dependencies would benefit by the abolition of such duties. German Anglophobia.-During 1901 the spirit of the German people, if correctly reflected by the German press, was distinctively anti-British. The Anglo-German agreement of October 16, 1900, concerning China was coldly received by the people, and the unusually friendly attitude of Emperor William on his visit to England at the time of Queen Victoria's funeral called forth little applause, while soon after the conferring by the king of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle upon Earl Roberts was widely disapproved. Great Britain's war against the Boers was extremely unpopular in Germany, although the government maintained strict neutrality. In November, 1901, popular feeling against the British became intense through a speech on the war, in part misunderstood, made in Edinburgh by Mr. Chamberlain, the British colonial secretary. At the close of the year the German press was very bitter against Great Britain.

Prussia. The Bicentenary.-The two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Prussian monarchy, that is, the coronation of Frederick I., was celebrated throughout the kingdom on January 17 and 18, 1901. King William issued a decree, signed by all the Prussian_ministers, founding a new order to be called the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown, and to rank immediately after the Order of

the Black Eagle. The king also distributed 3,772 decorations and honors and appointed fifteen new peers to the Herrenhaus.

A New Prussian Canal Bill.-It will be remembered that in August, 1899, the lower chamber of the Prussian Landtag rejected the canal bill introduced by the government, providing for the construction of waterways, navigable for vessels of considerable tonnage, between the Rhine and the Elbe, by way of Dortmund and Minden, and for the canalization of the Weser from Bremen to Minden. At that time a canal had just been opened from Dortmund to the Ems. The stoppage of further progress to the canal plan, which for some time has been one of the king's favorite measures, was due in large part to the Agrarian and Conservative influence that is suspicious of Germany's new industrial progress and her increasing foreign commerce, since these developments, it holds, are inimical to German agriculture. Especial opposition was brought against the bill by the poorer agricultural provinces east of the Elbe; these provinces urged that while the entire kingdom would bear the canal expenditure, only the western half would in any way benefit thereby, and that they, moreover, would particularly suffer from the more active competition of foreign agricultural produce in the Berlin and other important markets. Consequently the new canal bill, which was communicated by the government to the Landtag on January 12, 1901, endeavored to remove the favoritism of the west at the expense of the east. The bill provided for the extension of the canal system practically to all parts of Prussia, and accordingly involved a much greater expenditure than that contemplated by the defeated measure of 1899. The total outlay proposed amounted to 389,010,700 marks. This sum was designed to cover the cost of construction of the following waterways: A Rhine-Elbe canal (260,784,700 marks); a ship canal between Berlin and Stettin on the Oder (41,500,000 marks); a canal connecting the Oder and the Vistula, and a channel rendering navigable for ships the Warthe from its confluence with the Netze to Posen (the two works to cost 22,631,000 marks); participation in the improvements in the Lower Oder and Upper Havel (40,989,000 marks and 9,670,000 marks respectively); the canalization of the Spree (9,336,000 marks); a canal effecting communication between the province of Silesia and the waterway now connecting the Oder and the Spree. The opposition to the bill became so strong that in April the Agrarians indulged persistently in obstructive tactics, and by the end of the month the government clearly realized that the measure could not be put through. Accordingly it was disinclined to continue a useless discussion, and on May 3, 1901, Count von Bülow, the minister-president, prorogued the Landtag. The ministers of finance, agriculture, and commerce, Dr. Johannes von Miquel, Baron von Hammerstein-Loxton, and Herr Brefeld, respectively, who were suspected of being hostile to the bill, were called upon to resign. They were succeeded by Baron von Rheinbaben (who was transferred from the ministry of the interior) as minister of finance, General von Podbielski, as minister of agriculture, and Herr Möller, as minister of commerce. Baron von Hammerstein, who held an administrative position in Lorraine, became minister of the interior. Aside from the royal determination to retain a ministry favorable to the canal scheme, for the enactment of which the king is still persistent, the change in ministry had little political significance.

The Department Store Law.-The law enacted by the Prussian Landtag in July, 1900, and taking effect on January 1, 1901, which authorized special taxes on department stores, did not seem during 1901 to correct the abuses against which it was aimed. The fact that during the second half of 1900 there was a dull market for German manufactures enabled the department store managers to contract for supplies at prices that practically nullified the effect of the new taxation. But more serious than this temporary condition is the unforeseen application of the law to various merchants, for whose protection it was especially enacted. Indeed, a number of these middlemen have been compelled to give up their business, either wholly or in part, or to pay the tax, while increasing power and success have attended the department stores.

The Polish Question.-During 1901 a considerable amount of discontent developed among the Poles of eastern Prussia, which was formerly a part of the Polish kingdom. For a number of years the Poles have striven against "Germanization," and of late, not only in German Poland, but in Russian and Austrian, their aspiration for racial entity has become more and more apparent. The Germans have attempted unsuccessfully to wrest from the Poles economic supremacy in eastern Prussia; at present the most important landholders are largely Polish, and attempts have been made to boycott German commerce. German is the official language, and is used in the schools, but up to 1901 religious instruction was given in Polish. Upon the extension of the German language to religious education the Poles showed intense disapproval, and in the fall of 1901 certain Polish children at Wreschen, in Posen, acting on the advice of their parents or the priests, refused to receive such instruction. The children were publicly flogged and disturbances in which the parents took

part ensued; as a result a number of Poles were imprisoned for terms extending from a few weeks up to two years. The affair created much excitement not only in Posen, but in Russian Poland and Galicia; in Warsaw, Lemberg, and Cracow violent anti-German demonstrations took place. So strong was the anti-German feeling in eastern Prussia at the close of the year that it seemed likely the authorities would adopt a more conciliatory attitude.

GETTY, General GEORGE WASHINGTON, brevet major-general, U. S. A. (retired), died at Forest Glen, Md., October 3, 1901. He was born at Georgetown, D. C., October 2, 1819, and graduated at West Point in 1840, entering the army in the artillery service. After serving through the Canadian border war, the Seminole Indian War, and the Mexican War, and attaining the rank of captain, he entered the Union army in the Civil War with the Army of the Potomac. He fought in the engagements at Yorktown, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, South Mountain, and Antietam, and in the course of the war was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general in the regular army. In 1866 he became colonel of the 37th infantry, was transferred to the 3d artillery in 1871, was in command of the troops along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1877, and in 1888 retired from active service.

GIBB, ELIAS JOHN WILKINSON, British Orientalist, died in London, December 4, 1901. He was born in Glasgow in 1857, and was educated at the university in that city. Upon his graduation he took up the study of the Turkish language and literature, and in 1879 brought out his first translation, The Capture of Constantinople, from the Turkish of Sa'd-ud-dun. Following this came, in 1883, Ottoman Poems, the first to be translated into English. Others of Mr. Gibb's translations were: The Story of Jewad (1884); The History of the Forty Vezirs (1886); Aucassin and Nicholete, translated from the French of the twelfth century (1887). He wrote the articles on Ottoman literature in the Encyclopædia Britannica. During the last thirteen years of his life Mr. Gibb was engaged upon a History of Ottoman Poetry, which, projected as a five volume work, would have been an encyclopædia of Moslem literature; but only the first volume was published.

GIBRALTAR, a British crown colony commanding the entrance to the Mediterranean, has an area of only 1.9 square miles, and its population in March, 1901, was 27,460, of which 6,475 belonged to the military. The governor and commander-inchief (General Sir George Stewart White in 1901) exercises all the functions of government, both legislative and executive, without the aid of councils. The revenues, for the most part derived from port dues, land rentals, and excise, amounted in 1900 to £61,418, and the expenditures to £61,812. The public debt is £19,253. The tonnage of the vessels entering and clearing at the port during 1900 was 8,750,000, being much above the average of the past five years. Almost three-fourths of this was British. The port is free and the transit trade is extensive. During 1900 rainwater reservoirs with a capacity of 5,200,000 gallons were constructed in the rock. More than usual interest attaches to the dock and harbor improvements, upon which the government is expending over £4,800,000, by reason of a report circulated during the summer of 1901 that it had been found that both dry-docks and coaling moles are directly under the fire of the Spanish guns at Algeciras.

GILBERT, Sir JOSEPH HENRY, English agricultural chemist, died at St. Albans, England, December 23, 1901. He was born at Hull, August 1, 1817, and was educated at the University of Glasgow, at University College, London, and in chemistry under Liebig at Giessen. After a short experience as a teacher he went, in 1843, to the chemical laboratory at the Rothamsted agricultural experiment station to become associate to J. B. Lawes. He remained here for fifty-seven years; Lawes died in 1892. The results of the joint labors of these two men are of the greatest value to agriculturalists. In 1884 Gilbert was appointed professor of rural economy at Oxford, a chair he filled for six years, while retaining his connection with the Rothamsted station. In recognition of his services he was awarded a medal by the Royal Society (1867), and in 1893 he gave a series of lectures in the United States, the provision for which was made by the Lawes Agricultural Trust. The results of the Rothamsted experiments have been published from time to time in the Journals of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, in the Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of London, and in the Journal of the Horticultural Society of London.

GILLE, PHILIPPE EMILE FRANÇOIS, French journalist and playwright, died in Paris, March 19, 1901. He was born in Paris, December 18, 1831, and was trained as a stone-cutter. Later he entered the government service, and in 1861 was made secretary of the Théâtre Lyrique. After some years of journalism, on the staff of the Petit Journal, l'Histoire, le Soliel, and le Figaro, in which he wrote under the pseudonym of le Masque de Fer, he devoted himself to dramatic writing. As librettist he worked with Bizet on la Prêtresse (1854); with Offenbach on le Docteur Ox

(1877); with M. Leo Delibes on l'Ecossais de Chatou, la Cour du Roi Pétaud (1869); and with Jules Costé on les Horreurs de la Guerre (1869). Alone he wrote a oneact comedy, Camille, which was presented at the Théâtre Français in 1890. He also published a volume of poems, l'Herbier (1887), and a collection of articles from le Figaro under the title le Bataille Littéraire (1889).

GILLESPIE, ELIZABETH DUANE, American organizer of women's societies, died in Philadelphia, October 13, 1901. She was born in Philadelphia, January 15, 1821, the great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, and in 1849 married Lieutenant Gillespie of the U. S. Marine Corps. During the Civil War she was in charge of one of the hospitals for wounded soldiers, and later was a member of the committee formed to raise funds for the Philadelphia Centennial, and had a large share in erecting and furnishing the Woman's Building. She was one of the founders of the Colonial Dames (1881), and was prominent in other Revolutionary associations. Mrs. Gillespie unveiled the tablet to Benjamin Franklin in the New York University Hall of Fame in 1901.

GILMAN, DANIEL C. G., president of the Johns Hopkins University since 1875, resigned this position September 1, 1901, and was enrolled by the trustees as president emeritus. He was succeeded by Ira Remsen, the professor of chemistry in the same institution. In the January following Mr. Gilman was chosen president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. He holds some other important stations, among them that of president of the American Oriental Society, vice-president of the Archæological Institute of America, president of the National Civil Service Reform League, president of the Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen, and vicepresident of the Peabody Education Board for Promoting Education in the South. GIRLS' FRIENDLY SOCIETY was founded in England in 1875. Its purpose is to bring young women and girls together for social intercourse, to promote purity, uprightness, thrift, and faithfulness to duty. It was organized under the auspices of the Church of England. The movement has not been confined to England, however, but has extended, until now the society is established throughout the English-speaking world. The American society was organized two years after the inception of the movement and now has 370 branches, with a membership of about 20,000. Although the society is under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church, no question of religious views is involved in membership. It is open to girls of all denominations. Associates, however, must be of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The American branch publishes the Girls' Friendly Magazine. The president is Miss Elizabeth H. Wisner, of New York; and the secretary, Miss Agnes D. Abbat, of Westchester, N. Y. The central office is at 281 Fourth Avenue, New York.

GLACIERS. H. F. Reid has, during the year 1901, published a paper on The Variation of Glaciers, in No. 6 of the Journal of Geology (vol. 9, page 250), in which he gives the records of a number of glaciers for 1899, and summarizes the Fifth Annual Report of the International Committee on Glaciers. The condition of the United States glaciers is also treated. He notes the discovery of a small one on Mount Arapahoe, in Colorado, which makes the second existing glacier known in that State. All of the other glaciers, including those in Alaska, show signs of retreat. On September 3, 1899, an earthquake shock on the Alaskan coast caused a large quantity of icebergs to break loose from ice_extending down to the tide water. Muret and Finstewalde, in the Sixth Annual Report of the International Commission on Glaciers, give a summary of the condition of the glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere in 1900. These of Switzerland are still retreating, there being but one exception, that of Boveyre, in the Val de Entrement. C. Rabot has published a paper entitled Les Variations de Longueur des Glaciers dans les Régions Arctiques et Boréales. (Archives de Sci. Phys. et Nat. Geneva, 1897-99.)

GLASGOW INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION. This exhibition, which had for its object the presentation of the manufactures, products, industries, and material resources of all nations, and of the machinery and appliances relative thereto, and also of articles illustrative of science and art, including ethnology and archæology, was held in Glasgow, Scotland, from May 1, 1901, to October 1, 1901. The site, which covered ninety-seven acres, was granted by the city corporation, and comprised the western portion of Kelvin Park and the Bunhouse grounds. The river Kelvin, which flowed through the grounds, was used for the exhibition of naval shipbuilding and life-saving apparatus, both in motion and stationary. The principal buildings were built from designs prepared by Mr. James Miller, and were four in number, as follows: a Fine Arts Gallery, an Industrial Building, a Machinery Building, and a Grand Hall for entertainments. The Art Gallery, which was a permanent building, cost about £250,000, and was built from the surplus and accumulated interest from the Exhibition of 1898, together with subscriptions from private citizens. The buildings, in which were shown the industrial and the machinery exhibits, were in the Spanish Renaissance style of architecture. The Industrial