ended, or almost since it began, so hugely critical an epoch in the history of England as this we have now entered upon, with universal self-congratulation and flinging up of caps. (CARLYLE)

IX. A painter told me that nobody could draw a tree without in some sort becoming a tree; or draw a child by studying the outline of its form merely, but by watching for a time his motions and plays, the painter enters into his nature and can then draw him at will in every attitude. (EMERSON)

X. Ever since I was a boy I have wished to write a discourse on Compensation; for it seemed to me when very young that on this subject life was ahead of theology and the people knew more than the preachers taught. (EMERSON)

XI. Clowns and country people are more amused, are more disposed to laugh and make sport of the dress of strangers, because from their ignorance the surprise is greater, and they cannot conceive anything to be natural or proper to which they are unused. (Hazlitt)

XII. On the contrary, in the long run the politics of fraud and foulness are unpractical politics, and the most practical of all politicians is the politician who is clean and decent and upright. (ROOSEVELT)

XIII. Every great nation owes to the men whose lives have formed part of its greatness not merely the material effect of what they did, not merely the laws which they placed upon the statute books or the victories they won over armed foes, but also the immense but indefinable moral influence produced by their deeds and words themselves upon the national character. (ROOSEVELT)

XIV. The chief thing necessary in America in order that she should let all the world know that she is pre

pared to maintain her own great position is that the real voice of the nation should sound forth unmistakably and in majestic volume, in the deep unison of a common, unhesitating national feeling. (PRESIDENT WILSON)

Pause

In treating the subject of pause separately, the purpose is to deal with a longer, more marked hesitation than is ordinarily required for the break between phrases. The location of this longer pause is not limited to phrase ends, but may occur in the midst of a thought-unit, between sentences, anywhere. It is to be observed at the outset that many who phrase their speaking fairly well are sometimes deficient in the use of the special pause. That deficiency is, indeed, one of the outstanding characteristics of the unpracticed speaker. His chief aim appears to be to get on, to get through somehow, without regard to the value of the thoughts expressed, or to the impression which they are making upon his audience. This is usually due, not to a lack of appreciation or of desire to impress, but rather to a lack of poise. Now pause is closely related to poise, and it is safe to say that the cultivation of the pause is one of the things that will tend to increase the speaker's self-control before an audience.

What are the chief objects of the marked pause? First, it is an important means of emphasis. Occurring before a significant expression, it intensifies the attention for that which is to follow; it constitutes a signal to the audience to be especially alert. When used after the striking word or phrase, it holds the listener to the preceding expression, and indicates the speaker's valuation of it. The effect is, of course, intensified by using

the pause both before and after the significant expression. Let us consider some typical instances where the emphatic pause could be used to advantage.

My advice to you regarding this whole city management plan can be summed up in just one word "don't!"

The State Investigating Committee finally brought forward against the company a paltry bill for three thousand dollars! - twelve expensive men working a month to produce that result.

Here you have the essence of Carlyle's philosophy - work! - whether with the hand or with the brain.

In employing the emphatic pause, the speaker must be physically and mentally alert, evincing in his outward bearing during the pause an intensity of mind which makes the silence more expressive than words could be. Furthermore, the device should not be used so frequently as to become commonplace and, therefore, unimpressive.

A second use for the marked pause is after the close of a very significant sentence, complex thought, or rhetorical question, any one of which may need more than ordinary reflection on the part of the audience. The speaker ought always to be conscious of the fact that he is, in most cases, sure of his ground, whereas the audience is there for the purpose of getting his viewpoint, hearing new ideas, digesting them, comparing them with their own views, accepting here and rejecting there,— all of which takes time. And it is particularly desirable that at crucial or difficult points the speaker should give his listeners special time, for his own sake and theirs. Unless, of course, he is a demagogue or spell-binder, who

depends upon carrying his message on the crest of a spouting wave—which is in danger of breaking on the shores of deliberation. The pause at the points just mentioned also permits the speaker to observe whether his hearers are in accord with him or need to be further informed or convinced before he passes on. Consider, for example, how desirable would be the use of pause in delivering the following passage from one of Burke's speeches.

Do you imagine that it is the Land Tax Act which raises your revenue? that it is the annual vote of the Committee of Supply which gives you your army? or that it is the Mutiny Bill which inspires it with bravery?

A third use of the marked pause is to designate an abrupt break in the sense or construction, such as a parenthetical remark, an exclamation, an appositional expression, or a series of words or phrases more distinctly separated than the ordinary sequence discussed under phrasing. The following sentences illustrate the constructions mentioned.

If, sir, I wished to find a strong and perfect illustration of the effects which I anticipate from long copyright, I should select, my honorable and learned friend will be surprised,- I should select the case of Milton's granddaughter.. (MACAULAY) and tomato

Chops gracious

sauce! (DICKENS)

heavens!

Then, if we live up to them we shall keep the words "an American citizen" what they now are, -the noblest title any man can bear. (LODGE) Ten-fifteen-twenty minutes go by like a re luctant century. (TAYLOR)

A fourth occasion for the marked pause is in case of doubt, or need for careful deliberation on the part of the speaker. The pause which permits the audience to reflect has already been mentioned; and the speaker, at times, may wish to weigh his conclusions, or to deliberate on the exact manner of presenting them. This point is mentioned because so many students tend to become badly flustered if they have to pause for this purpose. The pause is often perfectly reasonable and justifiable, and unless the speaker foolishly allows it to disturb his poise, it will not be looked upon by the audience as a sign of weakness.

Finally, the marked pause may on occasion be advantageously employed to indicate a transition from one phase of an address to another. Sometimes a speaker sets out in a convincing way to discuss a specifically stated point, but after he has been speaking for a time the listener finds himself no longer able to connect the discussion with the point supposedly under consideration. Presently a chance statement reveals the fact that for some time the speaker has been talking on a new point. This common occurrence is very disadvantageous to the speaker. It may not always be desirable to state at the opening of each new phase the exact point to be presented, but whether or not that is done, the pause is always available to help in indicating a transition and to invite the audience to take a fresh start on the subject.

EXERCISES

I The answer is just this - it can't be done.
II If I were an American, as I am an Englishman,

while a foreign troop was landed on my shores