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joint command of Pen and Venables, through

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and France thereby enabled to give the law to Chriftendom. But Oliver, I prefume, muft be acquitted on this head, if it appears that it was imagined at that time that the ballance was on the fide of Spain; that in fact the two crowns were much nearer on an equality than the objectors fuppofe; that Cromwell kept it in his power to turn the scale as he thought fit; and that the Pyrenean treaty in reality placed the two crowns in proper fituations with refpect to each other, and to their neighbours.

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1. Spain was not then viewed in that weak ftate which fhe afterwards appeared. Cromwell's parliaments were not over complaifant to him, nor prone to approve his actions meerly as fuch. Yet the parliament, fays Mr. Thurloe in a letter to general Montague, dated Whitehall, October 25, 1656, declared themselves cordially and unanimo fly concerning the Spanish war, having after two days debate declared their approbation thereof nemi (x) Or ne contradicente: and this before they heard one tittle of monde's your fuccefs (u). The fame gentleman writing to the State Pageneral, August 28, preceding, fays, The Spaniard pers, vol. ii. hath had great fuccefs in Flanders this year against the French. To that of raifing the fiege of Valenciennes, he had added the taking of Conde, and is very likely to lodge himself this year in France; fo that the cardinal hath not been able to draw any army to the feacoaft, as was intended, being fcarce able to defend his (x) Id. p.. own country (x).'

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2. There was not in fact that inequality between the two crowns which the objectors fuppofe. It is well known that through feveral preceding reigns, 'twas the houfe of Auftria only had been formidable; that injured our royal family in the Palatinate; and alone threatned" the liberties of Europe. France had not yet given occafion to her neighbours to fear. A long war had been `now carried on between the two crowns, with various fuccefs. If Spain was weakned by the revolt of Portu

gal

P. 115.

112.

1ay's Life

of

gal and Catalonia, 'tis certain France was diftracted with domeftic contentions even in Paris itfelf, as well as other parts of the kingdom: contentions the more dangerous, as perfons of the most elevated rank and greateft power were concerned in them. So that Spain carried on the war on a foot of equality, not of defence. If the Prince of Conde had cut off their beft veterans at Rocroy, he now himself headed their troops with the acknowledged reputation of being the best general in Europe, though Turenne figured in the field, and had performed deeds of renown-This equality is vifible through feveral campaigns; but the raising of the fiege of Arras on one fide, and that of Valenciennes on the other, proves it beyond doubt; to which may be added, that even after the taking of Mardyke in pursuance of Ram- the league with England, by Turenne, the French met ei Turenne, with feveral loffes (y).We feem therefore to devel. i. p. ceive ourselves with our after knowledge, when we 303. 80. blame Cromwell for overturning the ballance of power. 3. It fhould be obferved, that Cromwell held the ballance of power in his own hands the more firmly, by his French league. We fee from Thurloe's account with what caution he engaged in it. The treaty was but for a year, 'till Dunkirk fhould be conquered for England by the help of France, and when Cromwell had got it, he was at liberty, if he faw fit, at the end of that year to make a peace with Spain, and use this very town against France. The English troops conquered little or nothing for the French crown; but France by giving England a footing on the continent juft on the confines of the two contending parties, enabled it to hold the ballance of power fo much the more fteadily between them, and become fo much the more formidable to France as well as Spain. He found the fcales even, and in poffeffing himself of Dunkirk, he made the French give him hold of the handle of the ballance to keep them fo.

Lond. 1735

If any after this, fhould condemn Cromwell for weakning the Spaniards by making this conqueft of Dunkirk, what muft they think of Charles II, who by the advice of his chancellor Hyde fold it to France, and thereby threw

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threw fo great a weight into that scale, which then appeared more manifeftly to preponderate.

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4. The Pyrenean treaty placed the two crowns in proper fituations with refpect to each other, and to their neighbours. In the treaty between the Emperor, Spain, and Holland in 1673, the States-General ftipulated 'make no peace with France 'till the Catholic King · was put in poffeffion of all that his moft Chriftian Majefty had taken in the Low Countries fince the peace of the Pyrenees. In the grand alliance between the Emperor, England and Holland, in 1689, it was agreed, That no peace should be made with France, till the peace of Weftphalia, Ofnabrug, Munfter, and the Pyrenean were by the help of God, and common force • vindicated, and all things reftored to their former con<dition, according to the tenor of the fame.' And King William III. when Prince of Orange, though justly warmed with refentment against France, declared,

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That whenever Spain paffed the bounds of the Pyre- (x) See Sir nean treaty, he would become as good a Frenchman as Wm. Temis he was then a Spaniard (z). Thefe facts I think ple's Mefully fhew, the Pyrenean treaty to have been well cal- 128. 8vo. culated for the repofe of Europe, and for the advantage of the contracting powers. However, it was not Cromwell's league that produced this treaty and its fatal confequences, as Lord Bolingbroke fuggefts. The proposal of giving the infanta to Lewis XIV. was rejected by Spain, when there was no other heir to that throne; it (a) See Tus was accepted when a fon was born to afcend it (a). renne'sLife, The confequences of this marriage were indeed fatal to vol. i. p. Europe. But they arofe from the ill conduct of Spain, and the injustice, ambition, and perjury of Lewis, who with the zeal of a bigot, the fuperftition of a priest, and the fenfuality of an epicurean, delighted in facrificing the blood of millions, to his own foolish idea of glory.I will conclude this note with obferving that Cromwell's irrefolution and delay in choofing his fide in the war feem juftiy cenfurable; more especially as he neglected to close in with the offers made him by France, even after he had determined, and fent his fleet for the West Indies. Bourdeaux, the French embaffador's letters, CC

are

327.

a variety of causes was (EEE) unsuccessful; and

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are full of the delays he met with in his negotiation for this purpofe; and Mr. Thurlee points out the wrong measures taken on this occafion, when he fays above, France offered a fum of money, in cafe England would declare war against Spain in any part of the world; but many difficulties and delays falling out in this treaty, the fleet was fent away into the Weft Indies, and a war followed thereupon between England and Spain, without the leaft communication of counfells with France, whereby France had its end for nothing." (EEE) The expedition to Hifpaniola mifcarried.] Cromwell's inftructions to general Venables, commander of the land forces fent to America, are to be seen in Burchert. From thefe it appears that no particular place was the object of their deftination, but much was left to the prudence of the commanders. Reasons are therein mentioned for attempting the iflands, or leaving thefe, to attack the main land, more efpecially Carthagena; whereby, if conquered, they might be mafters of the Spanish treafures which come from Peru by way of Panama in the South-Sea, to Porto Bello, or Nombre de dics (4)Burchett, in the North-Sea (b). But where, after all, the defcent was to be made, the generals with the commiffioners, or any two of them, were, on proper confultation, to determine. So that Lord Clarendon was much mistaken in faying, Their orders from Cromwell were very particular and very pofitive, that they fhould land at fuch a place, which was plainly enough defcribed to them (c). The fleet left England, December 19, 1654, and arrived at Barbadoes, January 29, 1654, O. S. Here it was fuppofed they should meet with many things they ftood in need of. But their expectations were not answered. Even a fufficient quantity of arms and ammunition were wanting. A fad matter,' fays Venables in a letter to Montague, written from Barbadoes February 28, following, when we muft at6 tempt fo high with little or nothing, or return home • and

p. 387.

(c) Vol. vi. P. 578.

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and fubjected the nation to difgrace; yet the

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and do nothing! which few of us had a great deal more chearfully hear the news of death than be guilty of.' The progrefs and ill fuccefs of the fleet and army, I will relate in the words of Venables. • We left, 6 fays he, Barbadoes the laft of March, and came to St. Chriftophers, where we found a regiment formed; and not staying to anchor, we failed thence without fetting foot on fhore, and in a fortnight's time came to Hifpaniola, where we landed upon Saturday the 14th of April, near forty miles to the weft of Santo Domingo. The reafon was, our pilots were all abfent; the chief had outstayed his order, being sent out to discover, and none with us fave an old Dutchman, ⚫ that knew no place but that: whereas we refolved to have landed where Sir Francis Drake did, except forced off by a fort (faid to be there ;) and then in fuch cafe to have gone to the other. From our landing C we marched without any guide, fave heaven, through woods; the ways fo narrow, that 500 men might have extreamly prejudiced 20000 by ambushes; but this course the enemy held not, fave twice. The • weather extream hot, and little water; our feet fcorched through our fhoes, and men and horfe died of thirst: but if any had liquor put into their mouths, presently after they fell, they would recover, elfe die in an inftant. Our men the last fortnight at fea had bad bread, and little of it or other victuals, notwithstanding general Penn's order; fo that they were very weak at landing, and fome, instead of three days provifion at landing, had but one, with which they march⚫ed five days, and therefore fell to eat limes, oranges, lemons, &c. which put them into fluxes and fevers. Of the former, I had my fhare for near a fortnight, with cruel gripings, that I could fearce ftand. Col. • Butler was ordered to land to the eaft of the city, but could not; and therefore he and the Christopher's regiment under col. Haldip were landed where we first

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