Exultation expresses vehement joy, or boasting; from the Latin word, salio, to leap or vaunt, and ex, a prefix, out from. "Yea, they opened their mouth wide against me, and said, aha, aha, our eye hath seen it," Ps. xxxv. 21. Have you anything more to say concerning the adverbs of exclaiming, contempt, and exultation ? or mark Yes; those adverbs, or, as they are sometimes called, Interjections, may be known by the sign placed after the interjective word. Have you anything else to say about adverbs? Yes; a word which is used as an adverb in one place, may become a preposition when used in another. Give an instance of a word used as an adverb and a preposition. I left my money behind. Behind in this case is an adverb, because added to the verb. I left my money behind me. Behind in this case is a preposition, because connecting the pronouns, I, my, and me. Can all adverbs be used as prepositions? No; but we shall find that in some cases an adverb may be used as a noun and a verb. Give instances of the same word used as an adverb, a noun, and a verb. "While the obdurate king pursues" (Milton.); While is an adverb expressing time. Pausing a while, thus to herself she mused" (Milton); "In idle talk they while the time away;" While, a verb expressive of time wasted. Have you anything else to say regarding adverbs? Yes; we may note first, adverbs are generally placed after active and neuter verbs, between the verb auxiliary and the verb, or before adjectives. Second, that adverbs should not be used as adjectives, nor adjectives as adverbs. Having gone through our lessons upon the adverbs, we will now make a summary of the whole. 1.-Adverbs are words which give us more information. 2.-Adverbs may be joined to verbs and sometimes to adjectives, and even to other adverbs. 3.-Adverbs may be divided into several kinds or classes. 4.-Adverbs of quality inform us how a thing is done. 5.-Adverbs of place tell us where the thing is done. 6.-Adverbs of time give us the idea when the doing takes place. 7.- Adverbs of degree increase or diminish the doing. 8.-Adverbs which show increase are called adverbs of excess. 9.-Adverbs which diminish are called adverbs of defi ciency. 10. We have also adverbs of affirmation, because they convey the idea of yes, or agreeing to. 11. We have adverbs of negation, because they convey the idea of no, or refusal. 12. We have also adverbs of exclaiming, contempt, and exultation, which are more generally called Interjections, because they seem to be words thrown in as it were among other words, and are expressive of feeling. 13.-Adverbs of exclaiming are words used in crying out. 14.-Adverbs of contempt are words used to show neglect, despising, or scorning. 15.-Adverbs of exultation are words used to mark vehe ment joy or boasting. 16. The adverbs of interjection may be known by the sign () or mark at the end of the word. 17. I must remember that a word which may be used as an adverb in one sentence, may become a preposition in another; and, as a general rule, I must remember that some words may belong to different parts of speech, according to the sense in which they are used. PREPOSITIONS. We must now take up the prepositions; you have told me they mean, placed before; I should like to know more about the word preposition, and from whence it comes. Yes; the word preposition means placed before, and is made up from two Latin words - pre before, and position, from pono, to place. Very good; now let us see what more you remember of your former lesson: What are preposisitions ? Are there any prepositions in these words-"There came wise men from the East to Jerusalem ?"Why are the words to and from called prepositions ? Are there any prepositions in this sentence-" The dove came in to Noah in the evening " ?— You say that the word in, before the words "the evening," is a preposition; would you not call the word in, after the word came, a preposition ? You have told me that sometimes the same words may be used as prepositions, and sometimes as adverbs. Yes; if they serve to connect or show a relationship between the nouns and pronouns of one part of a sentence, with the nouns and pronouns of another part, they are said to be prepositions; but when they are added to verbs, they are called adverbs. Repeat some of the various uses of the prepositions. Prepositions are used to express the relations of persons, places, or things, to each other; as to Name some prepositions. At, by, in, of, on, through, to, from, and with. Have you anything to say concerning the proposition at. Yes; the preposition at has several uses, among which we may note three. At is used before nouns, marking— CONDITION; as in Proverbs, xvi. 7-" When a man's ways please the Lord, He maketh his enemies to be at peace with Him." TIME; as in Acts iii. 1-"Now Peter and John went up together unto the temple at the hour of prayer. PLACE; as in Rev. iii. 20-"Behold I stand at the door and knock." Have you anything to say concerning the preposi tion by? The preposition by is also used before nouns in various ways; we may note four marking— : TIME; as in Ps. cxxi. 6—" The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night.” PLACE; as in Ps. i. 3—“ He is like a tree planted by the rivers of water." MEANS; as in Ps. xxxiii. 6--"By the word of the Lord were the heavens made, and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth." AGENCY; as in Proverbs viii. 15—"By Me kings reign, and princes decree justice." What have you to remark concerning the preposition in ? The preposition in marks- CONTAINING; as in Luke ii. 43-"The child, Jesus, tarried behind in Jerusalem." And in verse 46-"And it came to pass that, after three days, they found Him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them and asking them questions." What have you to say about the preposition of? The preposition of marks CONCERNING; as in Prov. xiii. 14-"The law of the wise is a fountain of life:" that is, concerning the wise and life, their law is as a fountain. What have you to say as regards the preposition on? |