Now let us review-that is, look back again on our progress and you find what?

1.-That adjectives are words added to nouns.

2.-That adjectives serve to express the quality, quantity, or

number of the noun, and distinctively points out the noun from other words.

3. That adjectives of quality tell the sort or kind of noun. 4.-That adjectives of quantity express how much belongs to the noun.

5.—That to adjectives of quality and quantity belong degree. 6.—That degree has three steps or divisions, called positive, comparative, and superlative.

7.-The positive serving as a starting point.

8.-The comparative is the second step, and marks an increase or decrease to the first step.

9.-Superlative goes beyond the comparative, or second step, and carries us to the utmost limit.

10.-Number expresses how many of the noun is to be included.

11.-Distinction serves to mark difference, this and that.

and

12. The articles belong to adjectives of distinction; 13. That the articles have a general signification-as, a man; or, a limited signification—as, the man.

PRONOUNS.

You told me, in the First Course, that Pronouns were words used instead of nouns.

Yes; pronouns are used to avoid the too frequent repetition of the name.

You also told me that pronoun means, put for a

noun.

Yes; and the word pronoun comes from two Latin words

-pro, a prefix, meaning for; and nomen, a name; and hence would stand for things, persons, and places.

Can you give me an instance of the use of a pronoun ?

Which is the pronoun in the sentence you have just mentioned ?

Why is the word his a pronoun ?—

Are there many pronouns ?

You say

that

pronouns stand for nouns; am I to infer that pronouns also have gender, number,

and case.

Yes; pronouns have Gender, Number, Case, and also Person.

Then the same explanation of the terms-gender,

number, and case, given when we spoke of nouns, will apply to pronouns.

Yes; but we may stop to observe one thing as regards the case of pronouns.

What have you to say concerning the case of pronouns ?

Some pronouns are always Nominative, some are always Objective, and some are always Possessive.

Name the nominative pronouns.

I, we, thou, ye or you, it, he, she, they, who. Let me hear the objective.

Me, us, thee, you, him, her, it, them, whom. But

you mentioned you and it before.

I did, because they may be used in both cases.

Repeat the possessive pronouns.

My or mine, our or ours, thy or thine, your or yours, his, her or hers, its, their or theirs, whose.

Are they always called possessive pronouns ?

No; they are sometimes called adjective pronouns. Why are possessive pronouns sometimes called adjective pronouns ?

Because they often take nouns after them-as, my book,

our school; or, the noun may be understood as, the book is mine; that is, the book is my book.

After gender, number, and case, you mentioned person. What is Person?

Person, from the Latin word persona, means an individual human being represented, which may be done in three ways.

How?

First, a person may be speaking; second, a person may be spoken to; and thirdly, a person may be spoken of. But you only refer to one person, suppose there were two or more.

Well then, two or more persons might be speaking, might be spoken to, or might be spoken of.

Can mark the difference of person?

you

Yes; by using different pronouns.

Give instances of the difference of person marked by different pronouns.

I, for a person speaking; thou or you, for person spoken to; and he, she, or it, for person or thing spoken of.

But the word it does not represent a person.

No; but it represents a thing, and means the said thing; as, for instance, "God said, Let there be light, and it was so;" that is, the said thing, light, was.

I, thou, he, she, and it, you told me were of singular

number; name the plural pronouns which would mark the difference of persons.

We, for persons speaking; ye or you, for persons spoken and they, for persons spoken of.

to;

If it should be said, I run, I speak, or we run, we speak, what should you call the pronouns I and we?

The pronoun I should be called first person, singular number, and the pronoun we should be called first person, plural number.

If it were said, Thou lovest; or, Ye or you love; what would thou, and ye or you be called? Thou would be called second person, singular number, and ye or you would be called second person, plural number. If it were, he speaks, or they speak, how then? He would be called third person, singular number, and they would be called third person, plural number. In what case would be I, thou, he, we, ye or you, and they?

In the Nominative case, going before the verb.

Have you any more to say concerning the third person of pronouns ?

Pronouns of third person are sometimes Antecedent and sometimes Relative.

What does Antecedent mean?

Antecedent means going before, and comes from two Latin words-ante, before; and cedent, from cedo, to give, grant, or go.

What do you mean by Relative?

Relative means carried back again; from two Latin words

-re, a prefix, meaning back again; and lative, from latus, derived from fero, to carry.

What have you to observe about antecedents and relatives?

That relatives always follow, and must agree with their antecedents.

What do you mean by agreeing with their antecedents?

That the relative must be of the same gender, the same number, the same case, and the same person, as the antecedent.

Have you anything more to say with reference to pronouns ?

Yes; pronouns are sometimes divided into personal and impersonal pronouns.

What would be meant by Personal pronouns ?

Personal pronouns are those which refer to individuals; from the Latin word persona.

What would be meant by Impersonal pronouns ? Impersonal pronouns refer to things; from the Latin prefix im, not; and personal, from persona-not personal.

You have said that pronouns are used instead of nouns, can nouns be used instead of pronouns?— Can you give me an instance where we may take away the pronoun and use a noun ?—

Which is the pronoun ?—

For whom does the pronoun word He stand?— Take away the pronoun word He, and use the noun ?—

Now let us make a summary of our progress with