V Throughout the remaining portion of Latin America general uneasiness and widespread disorder are observable. Haiti remains in the anarchistic condition with which all students of history are familiar. The venerable voodoo-worshipping negro dictator, Nord Alexis, seems to have given the country over to the license and pillage of his soldiers. In the early part of the year, Port-au-Prince was burned and looted, and a reign of terror inaugurated among the inhabitants. It was openly charged that adherents of Alexis were responsible for the outrage. A reign of terror throughout the island resulted in a vast number of assassinations of those suspected of disloyalty to the government. Foreign consulates and legations were filled with helpless refugees, but, disgraceful to relate, the American consulates, upon orders from Secretary Root, ejected these unfortunates, and at Gonaives it was reported that about thirty of them were murdered by Alexis' troops. Throughout Central America the wildest scenes of license and disorder continue to be enacted by the lawless soldiery. Notwithstanding the peace conventions signed on the initiative of the governments of Washington and Mexico, war, brigandage, and terrorism continue throughout Guatemala and Honduras, and most of the other Central American states. In July, the military Jefe of Honduras, Davila, cancelled the exequaturs of United States Consuls Drew Linard and Dr. Reynolds. This arbitrary action was taken without any cause, except suspicions growing out of the diseased imagination of the Honduras military chief. The Washington government "protested" as it has so often done before. Throughout Ecuador, Bolivia, and Paraguay extensive uprisings continue to menace civilization and prevent all economic developments. Throughout Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay there appears to be a spirit of unrest and preparation for military adventure. Brazil has announced a naval program little short of extraordinary, while Argentina is preparing to construct a fleet of 20,000-ton battleships, cruisers, and a torpedo flotilla, and also, it is reported, to fortify Mardin Garcia Island within three miles of the coast of Uruguay. A revolutionary outbreak in Mexico during May, June, and July, 1908, again raises the question as to what will happen to our neighboring republic when Diaz dies or retires. This revolution which was headed by Dr. Fransisco Gonzales and Flores Magon, was suppressed without serious difficulty by the government troops. It was reported that revolutionists had about two thousand men in the vicinity of Chihuahua, that they had captured a town called Casa Grandes, and that they were to be strongly re-enforced by sympathizers from across the Texas border. The latter part of the program failed, owing to the vigilance of the United States authorities. The revolutionists were defeated after several bloody skirmishes, and Dr. Gonzales was lodged in jail. It was reported that of the revolutionists captured more than fifty were shot without trial. Dr. Gonzales and his friends published broadcast serious charges against President Diaz and the Government of Mexico. Gonzales alleged that Diaz had absorbed the judicial, legislative, and executive functions of the government. It would be more truthful to state that there were no such functions of the government prior to Diaz, and that to-day in all ordinary matters, while the legislative department voices accurately the sentiments of Diaz, the judiciary is fairly independent, and on an average superior to the judiciary of the United States. Gonzales alleged that trials in Mexico are farces when they concern men who have opposed the government. That is true; but in Latin America a constitutional opposition to the government is an impossibility. Diaz is doing the best he can to maintain law and order with the elements at his command. Gonzales states that the seeming good order of Mexico is based upon an absolute despotism. There is much truth in this statement, but that is the only way in which law and order can be maintained in Mexico or in any other Latin American country; and law, order, peace, and protection to life and property are all things of supreme importance. The liberty which Gonzales would give the Mexicans would be the liberty of cutting each other's throats, of looting all property owners, of burning towns and massacreing women and children. We find the same sort of liberty in Haiti, Central America, Venezuela, and most of the Latin American countries. Dr. Gonzales alleges that graft in Mexico flourishes on a gigantic scale, and describes conditions connected with the granting of concessions, etc. A widespread acquaintance with local and state administrations in Mexico lead me to believe that in this respect Gonzales speaks the truth; but it may be said that graft and political corruption on the western hemisphere are by no means confined to Mexico, and if in order to extirpate them it is necessary to upset existing governments, then there would be a collapse and toppling over among governments on the western hemisphere, like unto the pulling down of the temple by Samson. INDEX ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, negotiations with | American ships (see vessels), guns pointed Spain regarding Florida, ii, 539; mem- Albers, William S., imprisonment, ii, 22; American Emigration, into Canada, ii, at by Nicaragua, i, 303; fired on in American Society of International Law, Arbitration - International, Panama mas- sacre referred to a mixed commission, ii, |