LOBSTER

After about a month they remain near the bottom, where they can retire to safety when danger threatens. The species common to Atlantic waters is found from New Jersey northward, the best being taken along the shores of New England north of Cape Cod. They usually measure from twelve to twenty-four inches in length and weigh from two to fifteen pounds, though some much larger specimens are occasionally caught.

Lobster Fishing. Lobsters are caught in large numbers in wooden traps, called pots, which are made of wood, fitted at each end with a funnel-shaped opening covered with netting, with a hole in the center. The lobster

Figures Represent Millions of Pounds

THE LOBSTER CATCH EVERY YEAR The above figures represent the number of pounds per year averaged for a period of five years. Elsewhere than along the shores of the provinces and states named the catch is not important. North Americans eat over 50,000,000 pounds of lobsters every year and send large quantities to Europe.

pots are baited with dead fish, or almost any garbage, and are sunk to the bottom in deep water among the rocks where the animals live, and the spot is marked by wooden floats. The lobster can enter the trap easily, but cannot find his way out again. Every day or two the pots are raised to the surface of the water and their contents emptied into large floating cars, where the catch is confined until wanted for market. A peg is driven into the "thumb" of each lobster to prevent the claws from opening; this treatment prevents them from fighting and destroying one another. They are very quarrelsome, and by nature attack each other so viciously that they often lose their claws. Twenty to thirty million lobsters are caught every year along the New England and Canadian coasts, and the fishery is a source of great

profit. Lobsters are counted among the "scavengers of the sea," as they feed on decaying animal matter. They also eat fish, clams, mussels and other mollusca.

Consult Herrick's Natural History of the American Lobster; Mead's Method of Lobster Culture.

LOB'WORM, the name of a family of worms that burrow in the sands of the seashore along the coasts of Europe and North America. The lobworm is from eight to ten inches long, and is much used for bait in deep-sea fishing. Its habits are similar to those of the ordinary earthworm, but it belongs to a different order. It has no eyes; the head is large and is armed with a long nose, or proboscis. The worm breathes through thirteen pairs of minute, gailycolored tufts, and there are bristles on the rings of the body. At low tide it may be easily traced on the beaches by the coils of sand it leaves when crawling along. It is also called lugbait and lugworm.

LOCAL OPTION means local choice. The term refers particularly to the right of any political division, such as a township, city or county, to determine for itself the conditions under which intoxicating liquors shall be sold, or whether the traffic in them shall be prohibited. To put this temperance weapon into the hands of the people an act of the legislature is required, granting authority to communities to determine the saloon question, according to local sentiment, and naming the smallest political district in which local option may be put into effect. Then the people within such district may by majority vote confirm the right of local liquor dealers to continue their business or force them to abandon it. As one of the means of regulation of saloons local option is becoming an increasingly important political issue. See PROHIBITION; TEMPERANCE; ALCOHOLIC DRINKS.

LOCHINVAR, lock' in vahr, a story-poem by Sir Walter Scott which has rejoiced the heart of countless children. It forms a part of Marmion. Scott was very fond of the old ballads, and this poem, with its simple style, its swinging meter and the refrainlike last lines of its stanzas, is patterned after them. It has, however, none of the quaint, old-fashioned touches which mark the old ballads, and which some poets have introduced even into their imitations. The story is simple. The gallant knight Lochinvar has been spurned by the father of the lovely Ellen, but appears at the wedding feast and under pretense of dancing with the bride

leads her to the door, lifts her on his horse and carries her away, all with her consent:

One touch to her hand, and one word in her ear, When they reached the hall-door and the charger

was near.

So light to the croupe the fair lady he swung, So light to the saddle before her he sprung! "She is won! we are gone, over bank, bush and scaur!

They'll have fleet steeds that follow!" quoth young Lochinvar.

LOCK, a fastening opened with a key or by mechanism easily kept secret, is a device as old as history, for the most successful modern door lock is a development of an old Egyptian device. It is almost impossible to open a good modern night latch without the proper key, and a time lock cannot be opened dishonestly even by those who know its exact construction.

When the key in an ordinary door or drawer lock is turned, the cuts in the former pass over wards, which are projections on the inside of the lock which will stop any key not having the same cuts. But by cutting away most of a key-blade, a skeleton key can be made which will open nearly any common lock.

Yale Lock. In 1860 Linus Yale, Jr., invented a lock now widely used, which cannot be opened with a skeleton. It is a cylinder within a cylinder. In the diagram, to turn the cam (c) which draws the bolt, the inner cylinder must be revolved.

When the key is not in the lock the little pins (p), pressed down by the springs above them, hold the inner cylinder fast. Each pin is in two pieces, and the division is at a different height in each; when the proper key is

MECHANISM OF A MODERN LOCK Explanation of the figure is

inserted the pins given in the article.

are raised, so their divisions are exactly level with the division between the inner and outer cylinders. If a key differs 50 of an inch from the true key beneath any one of the pins, the cylinder cannot be turned.

Combination and Time Locks. Because any lock having a keyhole can be picked by an expert, combination locks are used on safes. These are opened by a knob which must be turned back and forth certain distances known only to the proper persons. But as the com

bination can be learned by others, or may be stolen, time locks have been devised which cannot be opened even by their owners except at certain hours. In spite of the obvious advantages of time locks, they are little used outside of the United States and Canada.

LOCK, in canal construction. See CANAL.

LOCKE, lock, DAVID ROSS (1833-1888), an American humorist and satirist, born in New York City, better known by his pen name, PETROLEUM VESUVIUS NASBY. He first attracted attention through his "Nasby" letters, printed in the Findlay (O.) Jeffersonian in 1860, and later in the Toledo Blade. These epistles, which were supposed to be written by an unlettered man who regarded whisky and slavery with equal affection, were influential in molding popular opinion, since they upheld the policy of the Lincoln administration throughout the war. His book The Struggles-Social, Financial and Political-of P. V. Nasby contains the best of his humorous works.

LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704), sometimes styled the "intellectual ruler of the eighteenth century," was one of the most influential of English philosophers. He was a native of Wrington, in Somersetshire, and was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church College, Oxford. After his graduation he took up the study of medicine. Under the patronage of the Earl of Shaftesbury, whose physician he became in 1666, he held various public offices, and in 1683 followed the earl to Holland, whither the latter had fled to escape arrest on the charge of high treason. In 1689 he returned to England and in the following year published his epoch-making work, Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

In setting forth his system of philcsophy, Locke undertook to answer the question, How do we come by our knowledge, and what are its limits? He was the first to speak of the "association of ideas," and took the stand that whatever any man can know, or reasonably believe in, or even conceive, is dependent upon human experience. He maintained that at birth the mind is as a tablet of blank paper whereon Experience is to write ideas. We may have ideas without having knowledge, but we cannot have knowledge, or even opinion, without having ideas, for "having ideas" means "speaking intelligibly." He believed education should have as its aim the development of "a sound mind in a sound body." These and other inquiries into the nature and limits of human thought processes and education are

LOCK HAVEN

embodied in his famous Essay, and his Thoughts Concerning Education.

Locke was influential as a moralist, an economist and as the leader of many public reforms, but he stands preeminent as a defender of individual freedom-religious, political and intellectual. This idea dominates all his writings, whether he chose the subject of Civil Government, or the Reasonableness of Christianity.

LOCK HAVEN, PA., the county seat of Clinton County, is a manufacturing city with a population of 7,772 in 1910. It is situated north of the geographical center of the state, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, at the point where it receives the waters of Bald Eagle Creek. Williamsport is twenty-five miles northeast, Philadelphia is 223 miles southeast and Erie is 223 miles northwest. The city is served by the Philadelphia & Erie, Bald Eagle Valley and the New York Central railways. The first settlement was made in 1833 by Jerry Church, of New England; it was incorporated as a borough in 1844 and as a city in 1876. In 1913 it adopted the commission form of government. Here was located the "lock" of the old West Branch Canal which afforded a "haven" to traffic down the river, hence the name of the city.

The principal manufactories are dependent on the resources of the surrounding country, which is a rich agricultural and lumber region; it also has fine deposits of hard and soft fire clay and red shale for making bricks. Bituminous coal beds, too, are found in the vicinity. Lumber and planing mills, fire-brick works, sewer-pipe plants, silk mills, paper mills, cigar and cigar-box factories, and tanneries are among the industrial establishments of the city. The Central State Normal School, with several fine buildings, is located here. The city also has a business college, a library, parochial and public schools, the $100,000 high school built in 1914 being one of the notable buildings. C.M.E.

LOCK'JAW, or TETANUS, tet'a nus, a serious disease characterized by continuous rigidity of the muscles, which closes the jaws and holds the spine curved backward. It is caused by a germ (tetanus bacillus) which lives in earth or dust, especially around stables, gardens, in the dust of streets or houses, in manure and in splinters. These germs are often present in gunshot wounds. The disease is twenty times more frequent in the tropics than in temperate regions, and may select certain localities or districts. It gains entrance to the body through wounds, varying in size from a needle

prick to an operation wound. Rusty nails, as such, never produce lockjaw; but the germ of lockjaw, or tetanus, which is often found in earth, may be held in the rough places of the rusty nail, and this germ may infect the wound made by the nail, may enter the blood, and the poison which it manufactures may produce the symptoms of lockjaw. A clean rusty nail cannot infect.

Symptoms show themselves any time from six hours to nine days after infection, and begin suddenly with stiffness of the muscles of the lower jaw and neck. The teeth are set, the eyes are glaring and nostrils dilated; the upper lip is drawn up and back; the lower lip is projected down, giving a sardonic grin to the mouth. The muscles of the back and neck are drawn tightly, arching the body backward, the weight resting on the head and heels. There is high fever, violent muscular pain and inability to swallow or to talk, but the senses are clear until death, which occurs in ninety per cent of

LOCK'PORT, N. Y., the county seat of Niagara County, situated in the center of the Niagara fruit belt, in the western part of the state, twenty-six miles north by east of Buffalo. It is on the New York State Barge Canal (which see) and on the Erie and the New York Central railroads. The population, which in 1910 was 17,970, was 19,879 (Federal estimate) in 1916. Lockport covers an area of eight square miles, and is partly built in terraces along the sides of "Mountain Ridge." The chief points of interest are the two great locks by which the canal descends sixty feet from the level of Lake Erie to the Genesee level, and the New York Central Railroad bridge, one of the widest bridges in the world, which crosses the canal in the heart of the city.

Among the prominent buildings are the Federal building, courthouse, public library, Y. M. C. A. building, city hospital, Odd Fellows' Home and the county jail and almshouse.

There are four parks, and extending from the town throughout the country are excellent roads. The city has a large trade in grain and fruit, quarries of Niagara limestone and sandstone, pulp-paper and fiber mills and manufactories of automobile supplies, milling and woodworking machinery, cotton and woolen batting, aluminum, glass, flour, brooms, wall board and textiles.

When the Erie Canal was opened in 1825 a settlement was made on the site of the present city. This was incorporated as a village in 1829 and became a city in 1865.

LOCK' WOOD, BELVA ANN BENNETT (18301917), an American reformer, lawyer and lecturer, and the only woman ever nominated for President of the United States, was born at Royalton, N. Y. In 1848 she was married to U. H. McCall, who died after five years, and in 1868 to Dr. Ezekiel Lockwood, who died in 1877. After teaching school for eleven years and graduating from Genesee College, Lima, N. Y., during that period, she took up the study of law, and in 1873 was admitted to practice in the District of Columbia. She was later admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States, under a law admitting women which she was instrumental in inducing Congress to pass. Her activity in the causes of woman suffrage and temperance brought about her nomination for the Presidency in 1884 and again in 1888, by the Equal Rights party. She was a delegate to the International Peace Congress in 1908, and she lectured frequently on the reforms which she advocated. In 1913 she was a delegate to the Women's World Convention in Budapest, Hungary, and in the same year was elected a member of the International Peace Bureau at Brussels.

LO'CO-FO'CO, a nickname in American politics, first applied in 1835 to the radical faction of the Democratic party in New York state. In October of that year a meeting of New York Democrats was held in Tammany Hall for the purpose of effecting an organization opposed to the chartering of state and private banks by special legislation. The conservative element attempted to prevent this action, but, finding themselves outnumbered, turned out the lights and left the hall. Not to be outdone, the reform faction lighted candles with "loco-foco," or friction, matches, reorganized the meeting and proceeded with their busi

to the Democratic party as a whole. The original loco-foco Democrats later took the name of Equal Rights party (see POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES).

LOCOMOTIVE, lo ko mo' tiv, a machine driven by steam or electricity, used for moving cars upon a track. The word is formed by the union of two Latin words, locus, meaning place, and motivus, meaning moving; so in its broadest sense, a

locomotive is any

self-propelling vehicle.

The first steam locomotive to run on rails was designed in 1803 by Richard Trevithick, a Welsh engineer. It was followed ten years later by Puffing

THE "ROCKET" The first Stephenson loco

Billy, which got motive.

its expressive name from the noise it made in hauling cars. The locomotive of the present, however, was developed in large part by the genius of an English engineer, George Stephenson, who won a prize of $2,500 offered by the Liverpool & Manchester Railway in 1829, by entering his Rocket in competition with other designs. The Rocket, though it looks crude to twentieth-century people, contained all the essential parts of a locomotive; moreover, it attained a speed of almost thirty miles an hour. It only remained for later engineers to develop still further the speed and hauling power of the Stephenson design. See STEPHENSON, GEORGE.

Structure. A steam locomotive consists of a frame, the boiler and engines supported by it, and a running gear on which it travels. The boiler is a long cylindrical body of steel, having a furnace at one end and a smoke box at the other. Smoke and gas from the furnace are carried to the smoke box at the front through numerous tubes, called flues, about two inches in diameter. These tubes, as well as the fire box, are surrounded by water, so that as much heat as possible may be absorbed. The smoke box is supplied with a netting to catch the large cinders and hot sparks, which might otherwise set fire to houses and dry grass along the right of way. The water in the boiler is heated and turned into steam.

The engine converts the pressure of the steam in the boiler into the force that rotates the drivewheels. It consists of cylinders in