instruction, elected for two years, who must be a graduate of a university, college or normal school, and who must have taught five years in Michigan. The schools of each county are under the direct charge of a county school commissioner, elected for four years; each school district has its local board of education.

At the head of the educational institutions stands the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor (see MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF), opened in 1841, and it is one of the largest and best known universities in the Union. The state maintains the agricultural college at Lansing, opened in 1857, the first agricultural college founded in the United States; and the college of mines at Houghton, opened in 1886. Among other colleges are Detroit College at Detroit, Hope College at Holland, Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Kalamazoo College and Olivet College; these are maintained by various religious denominations.

For the training of teachers there are four state normal schools, namely, at Ypsilanti, opened in 1852, the first normal school established west of New York; at Mount Pleasant, opened in 1895; at Marquette, opened in 1899; at Kalamazoo, opened in 1903. A marked feature of the Michigan system for the training of teachers is the county training school, which was established in 1903. These schools have already trained over 6,000 teachers. Michigan was among the first states to adopt the movement for teachers' summer institutes; the first in this state was held as early as 1846.

In 1907 the law authorized the establishment of county schools of agriculture. One or several adjoining counties may vote to establish such a school, to which the state is obliged to grant financial support. These schools teach agriculture, domestic science and manual training. Since 1908 numerous juvenile corn-growing associations which have as their object the scientific cultivation of corn have been founded among the schoolboys. Since 1911 fraternities and school societies have been abolished in all public schools.

The percentage of illiteracy is low, being 3.3 per cent of the total population in 1910; but if the native white population alone is considered it is only 1 per cent.

Physical Features. The upper peninsula has a rough, hilly or mountainous surface, and is a region of mining, lumbering, hunting and summer outings. The highest mountains in the state are the Porcupine Mountains, reaching an elevation of 2,000 to 2,100 feet above sea level,

situated in the northwest, along the shores of Lake Superior. Parallel to the Porcupine Mountains is the famous Copper, or Mineral, Range. The lower peninsula is generally level and undulating, the highest land being around Saginaw Bay. The average altitude of this region is about 850 feet above sea level, or 270 feet above the level of lakes Michigan and Huron.

The lower peninsula is dotted with a large number of small, clear lakes, most of which are surrounded by forests and are noted for beauty and for an abundance of fish. It is estimated that there are more than 5,000 such lakes within the state; Oakland County alone has about 500. Along Lake Michigan there are numerous high bluffs and picturesque sand dunes.

Its Rivers. The rivers are short, small and shallow. The streams of the upper peninsula flow into Lake Superior, and many of them have beautiful waterfalls; these can be utilized for abundant water power. Among the chief streams are the Menominee, the Ontonagon, the Manistique, and the Escanaba, which flow into Lake Michigan. The largest streams of the lower peninsula are the Raisin and the Huron, flowing into Lake Erie; the Saginaw, the Au Sable, the Thunder Bay and the Cheboygan, flowing into Lake Huron; and the Grand, the Kalamazoo, the Saint Joseph, the Muskegon and the Manistee, flowing into Lake Michigan.

Climate. There is a marked difference between the climate of the lower peninsula and that of the upper peninsula, the mean annual temperature being 48° F. for the southern and 39° F. for the northern counties. The summers are cool and the winters are severe, usually with heavy snowfall. The presence of the lakes gives the lower peninsula milder winters and cooler summers than are experienced elsewhere in the same latitude. That portion of the state bordering on Lake Michigan, and extending as far north as Grand Traverse Bay, is influenced by the southwestern winds which prevail throughout the year. These winds tend to lengthen the cold season, and thus retard the early budding of fruit trees, prevent the appearance of late frosts and also prolong the warm season into the fall. Such conditions are especially favorable to the growing of fruit, and this region constitutes what is widely known as the Michigan fruit belt. The average rainfall in the state is about thirty inches, quite evenly distributed throughout the year.

Agriculture. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people of Michigan and consti

Printing.Publishing
Paper,Wood Pulp
Dairy Products
Slaughtering,Packing
Tobacco

Brass,Bronze,Copper
Patent Medicines
Food Preparations
Bread,etc..
Chemicals
Beet Sugar
Stoves,Furnaces
Manufactured Gas
Iron,Steel
Canning,Preserving
Agricultural Implements
Railroad Cars repaired
Wire Cable,etc.

Sheet Metal
Boots, Shoes
Hosiery,Knit Goods
Men's Clothing
Corsets

THE MINE

Coal

Salt

Copper

Iron

THE FARM

Barley

Peaches

tutes the chief source of wealth of the state. Over one-half of its total land area, approximating 36,787,000 acres, was included in farms in 1910; and over two-thirds of this was improved land. The total value of farm property including land, buildings, implements and machinery, and live stock was $1,088,858,379, showing an increase in value of 57.7 per cent since 1900. The average size of a farm was 91.5 acres, and the average value of land was $32.48 per acre, as reported by the Federal census. One-third of the total farm acreage in the state was in farms of 100 to 174 acres, and a little under one-third was in farms between fifty and ninety-nine acres. Nearly eighty-five per cent of the farms were operated by owners

or their managers, and only fifteen per cent by tenants. Seven out of every ten Michigan farmers are native whites, and nearly all the remainder are foreign-born whites; of the latter nearly two-fifths were born in Canada and over one-quarter in Germany.

The soil and climate make possible a variety of products. The leading crops are hay, corn, oats, wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar beets and market vegetables. The largest acreage is under hay and forage plants, but the crop of the greatest value is corn. Michigan ranks second in the production of potatoes, coming after New York. Michigan grows more potatoes than Illinois, Indiana and Ohio combined, its yearly output averaging forty-one million bush

els. The state ranks second in the production of rye, coming after Wisconsin; it ranks third in the production of buckwheat, following New York and Pennsylvania. On the drained swamp lands along the shores of lakes and rivers are many acres suitable for growing onions, cabbage, celery and other vegetables. Sugar beets is one of the leading crops; Michigan is third in beet production, coming after Colorado and California. The area under sugar beets is over 102,000 acres, and the product amounts to about 900,000 tons a year. Michigan raises nearly seventy per cent of the total production of beans in the United States, its output being nearly five million bushels. It also leads in the production of peas, with over 1,100,000 bushels a year, as well as in that of celery, chicory and peppermint. The state produces the bulk of the peppermint crop of the United States, in a small district in the southwest corner of the state; the largest peppermint farm in the world is in Allegan County.

As regards its climate and its soil, no state except California seems to be more favorably suited for the raising of fruit. The southwest corner of the state is generally known as the fruit belt, and here large quantities of apples, pears, peaches, plums and grapes are raised. Michigan is now the third state in the Union in apple growing, being surpassed only by New York and Pennsylvania; its yearly output is over seventeen and one-half million bushels. Over one and one-half million bushels of peaches and nearly one million bushels of pears are grown yearly. In small fruits, strawberries, blackberries and raspberries, Michigan ranks second among the states.

Forests. The region now included in the state was formerly covered with dense forests. The upper peninsula and the northern part of the lower peninsula are to-day quite heavily timbered, although lumbering operations have for years been on a very extensive scale. These primeval forests have long been among the most important sources of the wealth and prosperity of the state. In past years the cutting of the forests was done in a very wasteful way, but now scientific methods of forestry are followed, and there is a state commission for the better protection of the forests. It is estimated that nearly two-thirds of the total area of the state is still woodland. White pine was formerly the most abundant variety, but a great portion of the forests containing this timber has been cut. Hemlock forms now the greatest proportion of the softwood cut; other varieties

are spruce, cedar and balsam fir. Maple, beech, birch, elm, and ash are the chief hardwoods. In 1914 the state ranked first in the cut of maple and beech. From 1870 to 1900 Michigan was the leading lumber state in the Union; it still ranks third, being surpassed only by Washington and Louisiana. The abundance of timber has been of great importance in developing other industries for which timber serves as raw material.

Fisheries. In the value of its fishing products Michigan ranks first among the Great Lakes states. Herring forms nearly one-third of the catch, while trout, whitefish and various pike perches are in the order named the other more important kinds of fish. It is estimated that the catch amounts to over fifty million pounds a year.

Live Stock. The raising of live stock and the dairying industry are growing steadily in importance. The value of live stock was nearly $185,000,000 on July 1, 1916. At that time there were in the state 814,000 milch cows, and 707,000 other cattle; 673,000 horses, 4,000 mules, 1,392,000 swine and 2,033,000 sheep. In the production of milk, butter, cheese and eggs the state ranks high. In the number of sheep and the clip of wool, which amounts to over 8,100,000 pounds of raw wool and over 4,050,000 pounds of scoured wool yearly, Michigan is only surpassed by Ohio among the states east of the Mississippi.

Minerals. Michigan ranks sixth among the states of the Union as regards the value of its mineral products, which averages over $72,000,000 a year. The great bulk of this wealth is furnished by copper and iron. Here are situated some of the most famous and the richest copper mines in the world-the Calumet and Hecla. Until 1887 it was the leading state in the production of copper, and even to-day it furnishes nearly one-quarter of the total output of the United States. With an average yearly production of over 230,000,000 pounds, Michigan now ranks third, following Arizona and Montana. The state has furnished nearly thirty per cent of the total output of copper in the United States since 1845. The copper mines are situated almost exclusively in the northwestern corner of the upper peninsula, known as the Keweenaw Peninsula, on the shores of Lake Superior.

The same region also contains very rich iron deposits; in fact, the Lake Superior region, extending in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, is the greatest iron ore region in the

world. Iron ores were first discovered at Ishpeming in 1844; the Marquette district, on the shores of Lake Superior, was opened in 1877; in 1882 mining began further south, in the Menominee district, and in 1884 in Gogebic County. Until the beginning of the twentieth century Michigan was the leading state in the Union in the production of iron ores, but since then it has been surpassed by Minnesota. The state produces about thirteen million tons of iron ore a year, which constitutes nearly onethird of the total output of the United States.

In the production of salt, Michigan ranks second, running New York very close for first place; it produces one-third of the total salt output of the United States. Large deposits of gypsum are found near Grand Rapids. The state ranks third in the production of alabaster, large deposits of this mineral being found near Tawas City. Numerous deposits of rock and marl beds, from which Portland cement is manufactured, are found throughout the state. Excellent clay for the manufacture of brick and tile and also suitable for pottery is found in many localities. During recent years coal has been mined, mostly around Saginaw and Bay City; the yearly output averages about 1,300,000 tons.

Mineral springs of generally accepted medicinal value are found in several parts of the state. The most famous are those at Mount Clemens; those at Benton Harbor and Alma are increasing in importance.

Manufactures. Michigan comes immediately after the six great manufacturing states in the Union, namely, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio and New Jersey. It owes its manufacturing position to its situation on four of the Great Lakes and to its great agricultural, timber and mineral resources. The value of its manufactured products had risen to nearly $700,000,000 in 1915. One of the chief characteristics of industry in Michigan is that it is very much diversified, that is, it includes the manufacture of a great number of articles. No state manufactures a greater variety of objects or commodities more essential to modern civilization or comfort.

The most important single industry, as measured by the value of its products, is the automobile industry. The manufacture of automobiles in this state has shown a wonderful growth. Woodward Avenue in Detroit is fast becoming the greatest street in the world for the show and display of automobiles. Michigan manufactures more automobiles than any other state;

its output in 1916 amounted to over half of the total value of the automobile industry in the United States. In the same year Michigan produced fifty-five per cent of the automobiles made in the United States, and a very large proportion of these were made in Detroit. Lansing and Flint are important centers of the industry, also. The next most important branch of industry is represented by lumber and timber products. These include the manufacture of furniture, in which Michigan ranks second, being slightly below New York. Grand Rapids is noted as one of the most important furniture centers of the world.

The state occupies a leading position in the manufacture of cereal and breakfast food preparations, which are produced chiefly at Battle Creek, and in the value of its output of stoves and furnaces, refrigerators, adding machines and druggists' preparations. Other important branches of industry are founding and the making of agricultural implements, flour and grist mill products, chemicals, cement, vehicles other than automobiles, such as carriages, wagons, railway and street cars; the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, slaughtering and meat packing, and tanning and the manufacture of leather. This last industry is favored by the great quantities of tanning bark found in the state.

Michigan ranks third in the production of beet sugar, coming after California and Colorado; its production averages nearly 115,000 tons of sugar a year. Shipbuilding is attaining large proportions, and is carried on mostly at Detroit, Port Huron and Wyandotte. Large quantities of paper- and wood-pulp products are manufactured here, the chief center of the industry being Kalamazoo. It is worth mentioning that nearly all the air guns with which the boys throughout the United States play are manufactured in Michigan.

Transportation. Situated between four of the Great Lakes, the state has excellent water transportation facilities, and many good harbors are found on its extensive coast line. The state is also well provided with railroads, for it is crossed by several trunk lines that connect the Eastern states with the Middle West, and which join with Canadian lines at Detroit and Port Huron. There were 8,933 miles of railroad in 1914. The chief lines are the Michigan Central; the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern; the Wabash; the Grand Trunk System of Canada; the Pere Marquette; the Chicago & North Western; the Chicago, Milwaukee &