try is developing rapidly, and a large sugar factory is established at Billings. Transportation. Three great trunk lines cross Montana from east to west; these are the Great Northern in the north, the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound in the center, and the Northern Pacific in the center and south. The Oregon Short Line enters from Idaho and extends to Butte; the Chicago, Burlington & Government State Constitution. Montana is governed under the constitution adopted in 1889, the year the state was admitted to the Union. In 1906 an amendment was adopted which provided for the initiative and referendum. In 1914 another amendment granted the franchise to women on the same terms as to men. This victory for women was due in large measure to the untiring efforts of Miss Jeanette Rankin. The people of the state rewarded her with election, in November, 1916, to the national House of Representatives-the first woman who was ever accorded that honor. She took her seat at the special war session of Congress, in April, 1917 (see RANKIN, JEANETTE). Other Constitutional Provisions. A period of eight hours constitutes a legal day's work in all undertakings carried on by the state, counties or towns, and on all contracts given out by them, as well as in mines, mills and smelters for the treatment of ores. It is not legal to employ children under sixteen years of age in underground mines. The granting of injunctions in suits arising from labor disputes is prohibited. The executive officers-governor, lieutenantgovernor, secretary of state, attorney-general, treasurer, auditor and superintendent of public instruction are elected for four years. All of them are eligible to reëlection except the treasurer. The governor, lieutenant-governor and superintendent of public instruction must be at least thirty years of age at the time of their election. The governor cannot veto any measure referred to the people by the legislative assembly or by initiative and referendum petitions. The governor's veto of any bill can be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the legislature. Among the special offices created recently are that of state fire marshal and state sealer of weights and measures. The legislative authority consists of a senate and a house of representatives. Representa. tives are elected for two years; senators, one Quincy enters from Wyoming and runs to Billings and Great Falls. Each of these lines has a number of branch lines, or feeders. At the end of 1914 the state had 4,846 miles of railroad. Although the railway mileage is increasing each year, there are still large areas where stages are the only means of conveyance. In the mountain regions saddle horses and pack mules are largely used. and History from each county, for four years, but half of the senate is renewed every two years. In 1915 the house of representatives consisted of ninety-three members, and the senate of thirtynine members. The sessions of the legislature are held every two years, beginning on the first Monday in January in odd numbered years, and are limited to sixty days. Montana sends two members to the United States House of Representatives. At the head of the judicial department is the supreme court, composed of three judges, each elected for six years. Below this are the district courts, each having one or two judges elected for four years. Justices of the peace are elected for two years. For purposes of local government the state is divided into counties, but the most important government units are the cities and towns. A charter of incorporation may be granted to any town having 2,000 inhabitants, and such towns are given the right to adopt the commission form of government. A primary law provides for party nominations by direct vote for all national, state, county and municipal offices. Charitable and Penal Institutions. The state maintains a soldiers' home at Columbia Falls; a home for orphans, foundlings and destitute children at Twin Bridges, and a school for deaf, blind and feeble-minded at Boulder. The insane asylum is at Warm Springs, and the state also maintains a sanitarium for persons suffering from tuberculosis. The state prison is at Deer Lodge, and at Miles City there is a reformatory school which provides manual and industrial training for young offenders between the ages of eight and eighteen years. The penal and charitable institutions are under the supervision of a state board of charities and reform, which consists of three members appointed for six years. History. The present state of Montana was part of the territory that the United States MONTANA 3909 ΜΟΝΤΑΝΑ RESEARCH QUESTIONS ON MONTANA (An Outline suitable for Montana will be found with the article “State.") What special effort does the state make to provide against danger from fire? What per cent of the total acreage is in farm lands? If this farm land made up one continuous region, what state of the Union would it most nearly resemble in size? What "by-product" has a value of over $6,000,000 annually? According to present estimates, how long would the coal of Montana last if fifteen million tons were mined each year? What famous general was killed by the Indians within the borders of this state? What is the source of the school funds of the state? What state is about the size of Montana's forested region? What tree is the most useful commercially? What change has taken place in the relative importance of mineral products since 1861? How many states surpass Montana in the production of its most valuable mineral output? When did this territory come into the possession of the United States? To what country had it previously belonged? How many people out of every hundred are Indians? How much land, on the average, does each Indian have allotted to him in the reservations? Why is the summer temperature more endurable in this state than in many of the states farther east? What is the chinook? What effect does it have? How many sheep are there in the state? How much wool, on the average, is clipped from one sheep in a year? How old must a boy be in this state before he can work in a mine? How large a proportion of the people live in cities or towns? How does Montana's loftiest waterfall compare in height with the falls of Niagara? For whom is the largest lake in the state obviously named? What use is made of much of the land which is too dry for the production of crops but is not desert? How many constitutions has Montana had since it became a state? How many states have a larger population? How many of these more populous states are larger? If Montana and the smallest state in the Union could exchange populations, how much greater would the population density of the former be than it is at present? What part has this state in the formation of the longest river in the world? How does some of the drainage of the state reach the Pacific? How much smaller would the farm area be if there were no irrigation? Of what do the transportation facilities in the mountain regions largely consist? What is the railroad mileage to each hundred square miles of area? What three important countries of Europe have a combined area about equal to that of Montana? How have more than half of the farms of this region been acquired by their owners? What does the name Montana mean? Explain the popular name. bought from France in 1803 by the Louisiana Purchase. The famous expedition of Lewis and Clark to the Pacific coast crossed this region in 1804 and 1805. The first permanent settlement was established at Fort Benton in 1846 by the American Fur Company. The real beginning of development was in 1861, when gold was discovered in the mountains. People flocked to these regions, and mining settlements rapidly appeared. In 1863 gold was discovered at Fairweather Gulch, near Alder Creek, and within a year the town of Virginia City, which was established near that spot, numbered 4,000 inhabitants. Montana at first had been included in the Territory of Idaho, formed in 1863; in 1864 it was established as a separate territory. In 1874 the capital was removed from Virginia City to Helena. In 1876 occurred the disastrous fight on the Little Big Horn River between General Custer and the Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull. The rich copper mines around Butte were soon discovered, and from 1880 the mining of copper and silver became very important; in fact, for a long time afterwards the whole political and economic development of Montana was influenced by its copper mines. In 1883 the Northern Pacific Railway was completed, and the development of the territory advanced very rapidly. Admission as a State. In 1884 a constitutional convention framed a constitution that was ratified by the people, and application was made to Congress for its admission as a state. It was not until 1889, however, that Congress passed the enabling act for its admission, and on November 8, 1889, Montana became the forty-first state of the Union. From that time the state has advanced rapidly, both economically and politically. Labor troubles have been frequent since 1907, when a strike of long duration took place in Butte and in other cities. The Socialists have gained many adherents, and in 1911 they succeeded in electing their candidate as mayor in Butte. The people in 1916 voted for statewide prohibition, to go into effect January 1, 1919. In national politics Montana was Republican in 1892; Democratic and Populist in 1896 and 1900; Republican again in 1904 and 1908. Woodrow Wilson carried the state for the Democrats by a small majority in 1912, and by 34,000 plurality in 1916. J.D.D. Consult Montana, issued by the state department of agriculture; Linderman's Calendar of Historic Events in the History of Montana. MONTANA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution, organized at Missoula in 1895. Three years previous to its opening Congress endowed the university with a public-land grant of seventy-two sections. The annual income from land unsold is about $30,000, supplemented by legislative appropriation, making the net annual income $175,000. The university buildings, which are on a campus of forty acres, are valued at $200,000. Courses are offered in science, literature and arts, law, pharmacy, forestry, journalism, music, domestic science and commerce and accounting; and there are also maintained a school of education, a university extension department, correspondence courses, a bureau of public information, a summer school and a biological station. tion is free to students residing in Montana. The university is equipped with a library of 35,500 volumes; it has a faculty of over sixty members and a student enrolment in 1915-1916 of 1,028. Tui J.D.D. MONT BLANC, mawN blahN', meaning white mountain, is the highest mountain of Europe, the most famous peak on the Continent, and one of the most notable in the world. It is situated in the Pennine Alps, the loftiest and most important range of the Alpine system. The mountain lies southwest of Alleé Blanche and northeast of the beautiful vale of Chamouni, in the province of Haute Savoie, France, near the frontiers of Italy and Switzerland. The huge mountain mass, composed MONTCALM DE SAINT-VERAN chiefly of granite, is about thirty miles long and ten miles wide. The highest of its several summits, which is in France, rises 15,782 feet. The lower slopes are covered with dense woods penetrated by swiftly-rushing streams. Great glaciers creased with deep crevasses cover the summits and upper slopes. The most remarkable of these glaciers is the Mer de Glace, winding down the north slope towards Chamouni and giving rise to the River Arve. The dangerous ascent of Mont Blanc was first accomplished in 1786 by Jacques Balmat, a guide, and shortly afterward by Dr. Paccard, a local physician. In the following year De Saussure, the naturalist, reached its summit and in 1840, when the Italian naturalist, Imperial de Sant-Angelo, made the ascent, thirty-three daring travelers had preceded him. The whole journey can now be made in fifty or sixty hours. Natives of the region act as guides and several lodges for the shelter of tourists have been built along the passes. 3911 MONTCALM DE SAINT-VERAN, mohN kahlm' de saN va rahN', LoUIS JOSEPH, Marquis de (1712-1759), a French general who gave his life for his country in the last great struggle between the French and English for supremacy in America (see FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS). He entered the army when a boy of fourteen, won distinction in the War of the Austrian Succession, and in 1756, having then attained the rank of brigadier-general, was appointed to the chief command of the French forces in Canada. His operations against the English were at first brilliantly successful, including the capture of Fort Ontario and of Fort William Henry, on Lake George, and the occupation of Ticonderoga. As the war progressed it became evident that the crucial point of the struggle would be the English attack on Quebec, in preparation for which Montcalm concentrated his main forces before the city early in 1759. In July the gallant English commander, General Wolfe (see WOLFE, JAMES), made an unsuccessful frontal attack; a few weeks later, in September, by means of a narrow pathway he scaled the heights above the city and led out his whole force upon the Heights of Abraham. There, on the thirteenth of the month, the French and English armies met in open battle, and Canada was won for England. Wolfe died on the field in the moment of victory; his opponent, who was also mortally wounded, lived until the next morning. His last words were, "Thank God, I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." A noble monument to the MONTE CRISTO memory of Montcalm and Wolfe has been erected on the battlefield, and to the French inhabitants of Canada Montcalm is as much of a national hero as is Wolfe to their English neighbors in other parts of the Dominion. MONT CENIS TUNNEL. See CENIS. MONTCLAIR', N. J., in Essex County, is a residential city in the northeastern part of the state, seven miles north and west of Newark, and fifteen miles northwest of New York City. It is on the Erie and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroads, the Morris Canal and electric interurban lines. The population in 1910 was 21,550; in 1916 it was 26,318 (Federal estimate). Montclair is principally the home of Newark and New York business men. Situated at the base and along the slope of the Orange Mountains, the streets rise one above another and offer splendid views of the surrounding country. From the highest altitude of the town, 650 feet, may be seen New York City and its harbor. The principal buildings are the Carnegie Library, the municipal building, the high school building, costing $650,000, Montclair Art Museum, club buildings and churches. The city has a state normal school, Montclair Military Academy, Mountainside Hospital and two orphan asylums. The lower part of the town, known as Cranetown, then as West Bloomfield, was settled first and was a part of Newark, later a part of Bloomfield. Upper Montclair was first called Speertown. The name Montclair was adopted by the two sections in 1865, and they were incorporated as a town in 1894. MONTE CARLO, mohn'tay kahr'lo. See MONACO. H.L.M. MONTE CRISTO, mohn' tay krees' toh, a small barren island about twenty-seven miles south of Elba, in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to Italy. It rises 2,000 feet above the sea and for many years remained uninhabited, but a penal agricultural colony was established there in 1874. The fame of the island is due to the elder Dumas, who gave the name to the hero of one of his most popular romances. The Count of Monte Cristo. This great story, by Alexandre Dumas, was written in 1844 and 1845. The most thrilling part is the hero's discovery of fabulous treasure on the island of Monte Cristo, and of his escape from the Chateau d'If after fourteen years' imprisonment. The book was dramatized, and the play was given for years by leading actors, particularly James O'Neill. |