tion of excellence, as a goal for those who inscribe on their banner excelsior.'" tardiness is altogether unnecessary. Peach trees as far north as forty-three degrees, have been made to yield the third summer from transplanting, three "Mr. Moses Jones, of Brookline, in this vicinity, pecks of peaches, and apple trees the fifth summer a most skilful cultivator, set 112 apple trees 2 rods one bushel, each. An eminent pomologists now liv. apart, and peach trees between, both ways. The ing in western New-York, set out a large fruit gar-eighth year he had 228 barrels of apples, and in a den after long years had silvered his head with white. few years from setting the trees, $400 worth of ness; yet for the past twenty years he has annually peaches in one year; and the best part of the story enjoyed a profusion of fruit from this identical fruit is, that large crops of vegetables were raised on the garden. The secret consisted simply in treating his same land, nearly paying for the manure and labor. trees as well as every good farmer treats his corn The tenth year from setting, many of the apple and cabbages. trees produced 4 or 5 barrels each, the land still yielding good crops of vegetables, the peach trees having mostly gone by old age. Mr. J. grafted a tolerably large pear tree to the Bartlett, and the third year it produced $30 worth. "But we cannot afford to give so much attention to our trees-the rich man only can do this," says the laboring farmer. What! not afford to be economical? The man of small means is the very person to save his trees after he has paid for them; he is the very man who should not spend his coin to have feeble and fruitless orchards. Let him buy half the number, and apply the other half of the purchase money in taking care of what he has, and he will soon become the gainer by the operation. It is how. ever a great mistake to suppose that much expense is needed. Enriching the land is largely paid for by the heavy crops of potatoes, carrots and ruta. bagas which grow between the rows while the trees are small, and by the equally heavy and more valuable loads of ripe fruit profusely yielded afterwards. The expense of plowing once a year, and harrowing four times, is perhaps not half the first cost of the orchard, to say nothing of the annual crops afforded; while it soon renders it quadruple the value of the neglected plantation. Why do not farmers apply the same wit and wisdom to the management of their orchards that they do to their corn and clover crops? Why should they not, when many who fortunately have already full grown orchards, get more in monied value from them than from all their farms besides? The difficulty is rendered greater in most cases by the very inconvenient machinery used for plowing near the rows. A plow drawn with a two-horse team, with double whiffle-trees, cannot safely ap. proach nearer than three feet to a tree, and every plowman dreads a task which is commonly attended with mutilated bark on one hand, and wide grassy balks," on the other. A great improvement is made by placing one horse ahead of the other, with short single whiffle trees, especially if the draught traces of the hinder horse are considerably lengthened to allow running to right or left. A wide error is committed in cultivating orchards by those who forget that roots extend far beyond the circle measured by the branches. The whole surface of the ground is covered by the net-work of roots, where full-grown trees stand 20 or 30 feet apart. The larger and more obvious roots, it is true, are near the base of the trunk; but all the finer ones, which so largely contribute nourishment, are spread at great distances. Hence all orchards which have made some years of growth, should have the whole surface cultivated and kept mellow, and not narrow strips or small circles just at the foot of the trees. Profits of Fruit Culture. The following facts, exhibiting the large profits which may be derived from the skilful culture of fruits, are furnished by S. W. COLE, of Boston, who is a remarkable fact-gatherer, and who remarks, we give some extreme cases, and others which common skill may compass. The cultivator will do well with medial success. Yet it is well to have a standard of extraordinary attainment, or the perfec "Mr. S. Dudley, a very successful cultivator in Roxbury, an adjoining city, sold the crop of cur rants from one-eighth of an acre, for $108, the next year for $125, and he had good crops for several years. He picked 500 quart boxes from one-eighth of an acre the next season after setting the bushes in the fall. He had $25 worth of cherries from one Mazzard tree. "We saw, in Natick, Ms., on the banks of the 'classic Charles,' on the farm of M. Eames, Esq., an apple tree grafted to the Porter when 75 years old; it soon bore, and the seventh year it produced 15 barrels, which sold at $30. The original Hurlbut apple tree produced 40 bushels in one year and 20 the next. The original Bars apple yielded 60 bushels in one year. N. Wyeth, Esq., Cambridge, in this region, had from a Harvard pear tree 9 bar. rels of fruit, which sold for $45. "A farmer would not plant an orchard, thinking he should not live to eat the fruit; his son had the same views; but the grandson planted for posterity, yet his predecessors shared in the fruit also, for the grandfather drank hogsheads of the cider. "Hovey states that a Dix pear tree, in Cambridge, produced $46 worth of fruit at one crop. We saw in Orange, N. Jersey, 100 bushels of apples on a Har rison tree, which would make ten barrels of cider, then selling at $10 a barrel in N. York. "Downing says that the original Dubois Early Golden Apricot, produced $45 worth in 1844, $50 in 1845, $90 in 1846. A correspondent of the Horticulturist says that Mr. Hill Pennell, Darby, Pa.,› has a grape vine that has produced 75 bushels year. ly which sell at $1 a bushel. James Laws, Philadelphia, has a Washington plum that yields 6 bushels a year that would sell for $60. Judge Linn, Carlisle, Pa., has 2 apricot trees that yielded $ bushels each, worth $120. Mr. Hugh Hatch, of Camden, N. J. has 4 apple trees that produced 140 bushels, 90 bushels of which sold at $1 each. In 1844, a tree of the Lady Apple, at Fishkill Landing, N. Y., yielded 15 barrels that sold for $45. THE HORTICULTURIST. This excellent periodical, which for the amount and value of its matter, and pre-eminently for its practical utility, stands without a rival, loses none of its interest with the appearance of each successive number. We cannot, probably, better acquaint such of our readers as do not see it, with the nature of its character and contents, than to give a few condensed extracts from the single number for the past month, (May,) at the same time they will ob tain much valuable matter. Raising New Pears. An excellent article from the pen of SAMUEL WALKER, President of the Massachusetts Horticul at the end with india-rubber,) gathering the insects upon the sheets, and destroying them." The expe rience of a correspondent is added, that though pre. viously unable to depend on his trees for a single apricot, after putting the jarring system into prac tice he actually obtained three thousand most beau tiful and luscious apricots the first season of trial, tural Society, urges the importance of raising seeds for new varieties of the pear by crossing, regularly and systematically conducted; no country having probably produced so many good varieties of this fruit, in proportion to the number of seedlings fruited, as the United States. He proposes to have two good varieties, growing side by side of each other, distant from any other sorts. By way of il-from five trees. lustration, he suggests that the following varieties be made use of for this purpose: No. 1, Bloodgood, es 2, Williams' Bon Chretien, No. 3, Seckel, 4, Louise Bonne of Jersey, No. 5, Dix, To be grown side by side to pro(duce seed for summer varieties. To be grown side by side to pro[duce seed for autumn varieties. To be grown side by side to produce seed for winter varieties. 6, Beurre d'Aremberg, "The trees to be grown at three different locations, at least one-fourth of a mile apart, and out of the influence of any other pear trees. "The seeds of all the varieties should be taken from the fruit when fully ripe, kept separately, and labelled as follows, viz: "No. 1, Bloodgood, fertilized by Williams' Bon Chretien. "No. 2, Williams' Bort Chretien, fertilized by Bloodgood. "No. 3, Seckel, fertilized by Louise Bonne of Jersey. No. 4, Louise Bonne of Jersey, fertilized by Seckel. "No. 5, Dix, fertilized by Beurre d'Aremberg. 'No. 6, Benrre d'Aremberg, fertilized by Dix. Seeds thus raised and carefully labelled, I think, would command a good price. I would rather give five dollars for a paper of one hundred pear seeds fertilized as above, to raise pear seedlings from, than I would to pay one dollar for a bushel of seeds, collected indiscriminately." Varieties of Fruit for the South. M. W. PHILLIPS, of Edwards, Miss., after trying a great number of sorts, is satisfied that the best varieties now cultivated at the north, are at present the best that can be planted in the southern states. He says if there be a single peach to excel Early Tillotson, or Early York (serrate,) or Crawford's Early, or some others, that are natives, I never saw them," although he has 150 varieties from all latitudes, in bearing. He gives the following list, "ripening for 75 days, from the 20th of June to Sept. 1st," and remarks, "if there are indigenous peaches, from Mason & Dixon's Line to the Rio Grande, ripening in succession, superior to those, I will give 100 dollars for them, that is for a tree of each sort:". How to Cultivate the Apricot. A sound practical article from the editor, recommends as the chief requisite for success, and to prevent the frequent loss of the trees fromvarious causes, 1. To keep the trees low, and to head back the shoots in spring, avoiding the practice of trimming up to a naked stem, and thus exposing the bark to the action of the hot sun. 2. To provide a deep, well drained soil, well fertilized with wood ashes. 3. To plant in a cool aspect, to prevent the too early swelling of the buds, and their consequent danger from spring frosts. 4. To prevent the loss of the young erop by daily jarring down the curculio on spread sheets. "Where only half a dozen trees are cultivated, there is no mode of making war upon this insect so sure and reliable, jarring the trees daily during the month of May, with a pounder, (sheathed Long Catalogues. We are glad to perceive by an article copied from the Gardener's Chronicle, that Prof. LINDLEY has made a severe assault upon the long lists of many nurserymen, which have long led to such endless confusion. He remarks, "We have heard of one gentleman who numbered 1200 roses in his list, among which were about 350 wild briars, some of which had a little hair on their leaves, and some. had none, some had double teeth, some had single, one sort had ovate hips and another oval, and so on. There exists we believe to this day a collection of Pæonies formed upon the same enlightened principle; and we have no doubt that similar collections of Daffodils, Michaelmas Daisies, or Catmints, may be found in some sequestered garden. "This harmless folly, like many other crotchets, destitute of all elements of longevity, could scarcely exist, one would think, in this utilitarian age. We are therefore witnessing at the present day collections giving way to selection; 'hard pruning' applied in all directions to those old bushes of barren, half dead wood; and a few select plants, thoroughly well grown, replacing the empty pots and moribund sticks which invariably characterised the collections of our worthy forefathers and their ancient sons as long as they remained among us. It is therefore not a little curious to find a race of worthy men still unconscious of the change in public feeling, and continuing to publish interminable lists of this and that, as if the rage for collections was as fresh as ever "Some recent lists of nurserymen and seedsmen afford amusing examples of this. One grower of roses offers 607 sorts of that flower; another, 850; a potato salesman's catalogue has 160 sorts; a Dahlia-grower's 3 or 400; a Geranium-grower's, as many; a seedsman invites attention to his 38 sorts of cabbage and 61 sorts of peas!" the green fly upon any plant, without the least injury to the plant itself. The best method of applying it, is to take the plant in one hand, and holding it with its head downwards, with a feather or brush sprinkle the tobacco water on the under part of the leaves, or if the plants are not in flower, all over them. Destroying Mice in Nurseries. Fruits for Central Illinois. relation to the sorts of fruit adapted to the new Information is constantly and eagerly sought in West. Fruit cultivators are constantly removing to those regions, and wish to know what to carry with them; and older settlers are becoming rapidly awakened to the importance of having orchards of J. W. HOOKER, of Rochester, completely effects fine fruit. The following list of apples for central this object by boring inch and a-half holes into Illinois, is given by F. K. PHOENIX, of Wisconsin, wooden blocks, ramming in a quantity of corn meal a very accurate and skilful cultivator, in the sketch and arsenic, and distributing them, with the mouth of a trip through the former State, and is the re inclined downwards, in the most exposed places.sult of his deliberations, in connexion with those of The holes need filling each autumn. E. HARKNESS, one of the best nurserymen of Illi, nois. Native Flowers. Phlox divaricata is one of our most showy plants at this season, presenting masses of pure white, white with a blue eye, or pale purple; and more rarely, light red, or deep purple. Unlike many other plants from the woods, it agrees well with garden culture, where it sends up many stems, sometimes more than fifty from one root; and though each stem is "few flowered," yet the aggregate is 12 or 15 inches in height, and tends greatly to beautify the border. Its specific name (divaricata) is derived from its form, or the manner of its growth; but it is a curious circumstance that our best botanists differ widely in regard to the meaning of this term. The Encyclopædia of Plants defines it, growing in a straggling manner," and S. F. Gray, (Nat. Arr. British Plants) "very open, and growing in many different directions;"-while Louis-Claude Richard has it, "spreading out from the stem so far as to form more than a right angle with it above "-Beck, "diverging so as to turn backwards "-Darlington, "spreading so as to form more than a right angle with the stem above "-and Webster "turning off so as to form an obtuse angle above, and an acute angle below." Now from these definitions, I should infer that Linnæus had the first meaning in view when he named this species, for I have seen nothing about it to warrant the application of the second definition. D. T. 6 mo. 5, 1850. Layers. I have found that "a forked stick " to hold down the branch or shoot, is attended with much inconve nience, and now employ a substitute that suits me exactly. The inconvenience is that the proper length of the stick, chiefly depends on the softness or firmness of the soil; for we cannot tell without trying, how far the stick can be pressed in. If the ground is very mellow, and the stick rather short, it will not hold its place against the spring of the layer; and if the earth is hard, and the stick rather long, it must be cut shorter, on the old principle of "cut and try." Besides it is often difficult to find forked sticks in a garden, just when we happen to want them. Well, now for the substitute. Take slender sticks, 8 or 10 inches long-whether cut from rods, or split from boards and shingles-and sharpen them. Press the layer firmly in the bottom of the trench, and set one of the sticks on one side, touching it at an angle of 45°; and then another stick in the same manner on the opposite side, and it is done. The sticks may enter the ground 2 inches, or four inches -as far as a reasonable pressure can force them-it matters not which; and there they are, firmly fixed in their positions. D. T. BEAN MEAL FOR MILCH Cows.-We have on for.. mer occasions alluded to some trials that have been t made in feeding milch cows with bean meal, the results of which seemed to show that it was a highly! valuable article. At a late meeting of an English Farmers' Club, it was stated by a member, that nothing was so good for cows in milk, either as regard. ed the produce of butter or cheese, as bean meal. EQUINOCTIAL STORMS.-Dr. Ray of Woodward College, kept a record of observations for fourteen" years; during this period, ten of the equinoctial days were either clear, or fair and pleasant days; two; were partly clear, but more than half cloudy; while the remaining two were entirely cloudy and partly rainy. In addition to this. he found that by taking a period of one whole month, that is two weeks before, and two weeks after the equinox, there were five "bad spells" of weather; while in nine of the years there was no weather that could be called unpleasant. In the Prairie Farmer. New-York State Agricultural Society.es, and will be taken into consideration in making Trial of Plows. AGRICULTURAL ROOMS.-Meeting Ex.Committee, June 4. Present-E. P. PRENTICE, President; A. VAN BERGEN, Vice President; J. McD. MCINTYRE, H. WENDELL, M. D., LUTHER TUCKER, B. P. JOHNSON, and delegates from Ulster, Oneida, Wayne, Saratoga, Duchess, Ontario, and Hartford, Conn. The Judges appointed for the trial were present, as follows:-Hon. A. Van Bergen, Coxsackie; John S. Gould, Hudson; Sanford Howard, Albany; B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush. Absent-J. Delafield. Hon. Peter Crispell, Jr., of Ulster co., was substituted in the place of Mr. Delafield. (A letter was recei ved from Mr. Delafield, expressing his great regret that his engagements in taking the survey of Seneca county, rendered it impracticable for him to be present as he had intended.) The following competitors entered their plows for trial: Soil, and Stubble Plow. E. J. BURRALL, Geneva-3 Plows-Shell-wheel Iron Beam, Stiff A. GILBERT, New-York-2 Plows-Mooer's patent for stiff soils. FRENCH & SMITH, Rome, Oneida co.-3 Plows-Michigan Sod and Subsoil, Michigan Joint Plow, Michigan Plow. W. U. CHASE, Amsterdam-3 Plows. A. FLECK, Montreal-Wilkie's Scotch Plow. N. B. STARBUCK, Troy-5 Plows-Starbuck's Trojan, do. Iron Beam, do. No. 3, do. No. 4. do. Side-hill. PETER AULD, New Hartford, Oneida co.-2 Plows. H. L. EMERY, Albany-1 Plow. up their final award. In addition to testing the draft while plowing the different kinds of soil. the plows were also tested with the dynamometer, by hand power, operated by a windlass. This gave a steady and uniform mo. tion, and secured a fair test of the power required to draw each plow-the soil and turf as nearly equal as it was possible to obtain it. It has been the object of the Executive Commit. tee to have this trial as full and complete as it was possible to make it, so that another trial could not be necessary, unless some new and important improvements should be developed. They are not aware that anything has been overlooked on their part or on the part of the judges, that would have made the trial more perfect, and it gives them great pleasure to be assured by the competitors, and other distinguished plow manufacturers in the country who were present, that their arrangements were in all respects satisfactory, and the best calculated to elicit the qualities of the various plows, of any that they had ever witnessed. it is believed to the full satisfaction of the competiEvery plow that was presented, has been tested, tors. The exhibition of plows has probably never been equalled. Such has been the expression given by gentlemen, both manufacturers and others, who have examined the plows presented and tested, as well as the work performed by each. For durabili ty, neatness of workmanship and material, the perfection of finish, the adaptation to perform the BOSWORTH, RICH & Co., Troy-5 Plows-Cast Iron Beam and work of the farmer. it. is confidently believed that Sod Plow, side-hill do., Subsoil do., Stubble do. JOHN RANDERSON, Schodack-1 Plow. PROUTY & MEARS, Boston-4 Centre Draft Plows, and Side-hill and Subsoil Plows. EDDY & Co., Union Village, Washington eo.-Washington Co. Plow, Side-hill do., Subsoil do., Grubber do., Stubble do. R. R. FINCH & Co., Peekskill-2 Empire Plows. Making upwards of 40 plows entered for the trial. The trial commenced on Tuesday, June 4, on the farm of J. J. Lansing, Greenbush. The stubble, or old land, was first plowed. For this 14 plows were entered, viz:-Fleck's Wilkie Plow, French & Smith's Michigan Plow, Eddy's Washington Co., Randerson's Schodack Plow, Miner & Horton's Peekskill Plow, Starbuck's Trojan Plow, Auld's "improved" Scotch Plow, Prouty & Mear's Two Centre Draught Plows, Bosworth, Rich & Co.'s Iron Beam, Finch's Empire Plow, Emery's Albany Plow, Burrall's Shell-wheel Plow, Chase's Amsterdam Plow. The trial of these plows occupied the judg. es until Thursday. On Thursday, 3 Side-hill plows -Prouty's, Rich's and Eddy's, and also 2 Subsoil plows, Prouty's & Rich's, were tested. On Friday, 26 plows were entered for sod land—Stiff soil; viz., 3 by Prouty & Co., 3 by Miner, Horton & Co., 4 by Bosworth, Rich & Co., 3 by French & Smith, 1 by Emery, 2 by Chase, 1 by Burrall, 1 by Eddy & Co., 1 by Randerson, 3 by Starbuck & Co., 2 by Finch, 2 by Gilbert, 1 by Fleck, and 1 by Auld. The trial of these plows was completed on Sat. urday afternoon. so fine a display has not before been seen in an equal number of plows. The work performed by all of the plows has been such as to merit and receive the approbation of the great number of persons who have been in attendance upon the trial. The awards of the judges will be made as soon practicable, consistent with a due and careful exam. ination of every question that has a bearing upon the subject. The importance of their decisions is apparent, and the subject will receive at their hands, all that deliberate and careful consideration which it demands. When the awards are made, they will be announced to the successful competitors, and will be made known to the public, probably, at the Annual Fair of the Society in September, when it will be necessary for the plows to which the premi ums have been awarded to be on the grounds, if not already deposited in the Museum of the Society. B. P. JOHNSON, Sec'y. The Farmer's Note-Book. Short Horn bull 3d Duke of Cambridge. THE engraving on the opposite page is designed to represent the Short-horn bull 3d Duke of Cambridge, at present the property of J. M. SHER WOOD, of Auburn, and A. STEVENS, of New-York On Tuesday, June 11th, the trial on Sandy soils by whom he was imported from England. His pe. commenced on the Island opposite the city, above digree as given in the fourth volume of the Herd. the Boston Railroad Depot. For this trial 24 plows Book, page 614, is as follows: 3d Duke of Cam were entered, all of which were tested, and the tri-bridge (5,941,) roan, calved September 14. 1841, al completed on Wednesday afternoon. bred by Thomas Bates; got by Duke of Northum berland (1,940,) dam Waterloo 2d, by Belvidere (1,706,) grand-dam by Waterloo (2,816,) great grand dam by Waterloo (2,816.) All the plows were tested upon each of the lands with the dynamometer, the same team being used for each plow, so as to secure as near as possible, an equal draught, so far as the team was concern- This animal was imported in 1849, together with ed-the plows being guaged to cut furrows as near several heifers, and a notice of them was given in as possible of an equal depth and width. Wherever our last volume. page 130. He is a bull of rare exthere were variations, they were noted by the judgcellence, both as regards shape and quality. He |