of the administrative units for the greatest degree of participation by individuals, (4) and opportunity has been provided whereby both children and community may contribute actively to the efficiency of the schools. III. EVIDENCE UPON WHICH SELECTION HAS BEEN MADE The evidence upon which the selection of the foregoing school organization has been made is: (1) an interpretation by the Superintendent of the needs of Hamtramck, based upon field study of such needs; (2) the successful working of the kindergarten-sixthree-three plan, as determined experimentally during the past three years in respect to (a) better classification and decreasing failures; (b) increase in the holding power of the schools above the fifth grade, and (c) change in attitude upon the part of parents and children owing to better individual adjustment which is possible under this type of organization; (3) the apparent success of the six-three-three organization in other communities, notably, Detroit, Cleveland, Rochester, and Pittsburgh. The evidence upon which the adoption of a democratic method in administration has been considered and adopted was: (1) study of the growing dissatisfaction in other school systems with autocratic methods that cramp and hamper the individual; (2) increasing restlessness of teachers under such forms of organization as evidenced by the progressive organization of protective associations; (3) personal experience in other systems where participation of the field agents in both creative and appraisal activity was not considered; (4) personal experience in other school systems where the freedom of the individual to achieve and to grow was not properly safeguarded; (5) expression of opinions from teachers in the Hamtramck schools in respect to conditions under which maximum individual efficiency is possible, derived from studies made by groups of teachers, and (6) opinions of specialists in the field of school administration. IV. TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PLAN The efficiency of the operation of the general activities shall be judged1 upon level D. The worth and value of the results of the activities in relation to the efficiency of instruction shall be judged upon level D where possible. 1Appraisal methods: Appraisal may be conducted by means of four methods. Appraisal by Method A is the crudest means of arriving at a judgment. In the absence of scientific evidence judgment may be based upon presentiment, intuition or "hunch." Appraisal by Method B proceeds through the collection of a series of readily available facts interpreted in terms of training and experience. Appraisal by Method C is judgment based upon inconclusive trial of activity or practice. Appraisal by Method D is judgment based upon the results of conclusive evidence secured through the results of scientific experimentation. CHAPTER VII Instruction A. Mandatory Laws. 1. Instruction. a. Length of school year. Sec. 1-Compulsory education. Sec. 18-Deaf children. Sec. 21-Blind children. d. Instruction to be in English in grades one to eight. 2. Subjects. a. Constitution of United States and Michigan. b. Communicable disease prevention. Part 2, Chapter 2, Sec. 17 c. Physiology and Hygiene. Part 2, Chapter 2, Sec. 18. d. Humane Education. Part 2, Chapter 2, Sec. 19. e. Patriotism. Part 2, Chapter 2. Sec. 21-Purchase and display of United States flag. f. Vocational Education. (None.) g. Health and physical education. Part 2, Chapter 20, Sec. 1. h. Athletics. Part 2, Chapter 20. Sec. 5-State Superintendent to have supervision and control of interscholastic athletics. 3. Text Books. Part 2, Chapter 31. 4. Holidays Part 2, Chapter 2, Sec. 24. 5. Safety. P. A. 1891, Act 178—Fire drills in Public Schools. P. A. 1909, Act 285-Inspection of school buildings by state fire B. Permissive Laws. 1. Instruction. inspectors. a. Part 2, Chapter 5, Sec. 9-Kindergarten methods. e. Part 2, Chapter 22, Sec. 1-Day schools for deaf, blind and crippled. -Education aliens and native illiterates. 1-Junior colleges. 7—Public recreation and playgrounds. 13-Use of school grounds and houses for community or recreation centers. i. Part 1, Chapter 6, Sec. 15-Agricultural, trade and other voca tional schools. j. Part 1, Chapter 23, Sec. 1-Part-Time schools. 2. Subjects. Part 1, Chapter 6. Sec. 15-To establish and carry on such grades, schools and departments or courses of study as it shall deem necessary or desirable for the maintenance and improvement of public education. 3. Text Books. Part 2, Chapter 31. Sec. 1-Free textbooks. Sec. 4-Free textbooks. 4. Holidays. (None.) 5. Safety. (None.) 6. General. Part 1, Chapter 6. Sec. 15-And in general to do anything not inconsistent with this act which is necessary for the proper establishment, maintenance, management and carrying on of the public schools of such district. C. Interpretation by the Board of Education. The Board of Education interprets the mandatory and permissive statutes in respect to instruction as the minimum program set by the state. The actual organization of the curriculum and the |