beth, of 65 guns, embarking himself in the Doutelle, a fast brig of 18 guns, and sailed from Belleisle July 2, 1745. The Elizabeth was disabled by an English cruiser, but the Doutelle escaped, and the CHEVALIER, as he was styled, landed on the wilds of Moidart in Inverness-shire with only seven followers. After some hesitation, his Highland friends followed the example of chivalrous loyalty which was set by Cameron of Lochiel, and mustered their clans in Glenfinnan, whence Charles began his march with 1600 men, on Aug. 20, 1745. The government were totally unprepared. Sir John Cope occupied Stirling with less than 3000 men. His strange plan of marching northwards to join the friendly clans opened the road to the chevalier, who marched to Perth (Sept. 3), where he received 5001. from the corporation, and was joined by new adherents. On Sept. 17 he entered Edinburgh, took possession of Holyrood House, and compelled the heralds to proclaim king James VIII. Meanwhile Cope had brought his army back by sea, and landed at Dunbar. Charles marched out from Edinburgh to meet him, and the impetuous charge of the Highlanders won the battle of Prestonpans. England seemed now at the mercy of the adventurer, for the Hanoverian dynasty had become unpopular; but France withheld the aid which might have proved decisive, and the chevalier lost time in recruiting his army and besieging the Castle of Edinburgh. His followers wished him to be content with the conquest of Scotland; but he saw that he must win all or lose all, and began his march southwards on Nov. 1. The government had made good use of the delay. Marshal Wade was at Newcastle with 10,000 men; the duke of Cumberland was assembling an army in the midland counties; and that reserve camp was formed at Finchley which has been immortalized by Hogarth. Charles evaded the royal forces, and advanced as far as Derby. The news created a panic in London, which was long remembered as the Black Friday. But his career was run. He had been received with little enthusiasm, and joined by very few adherents. The chieftains insisted on a retreat; and Charles, who had marched gaily on foot, in the Highland dress, at the head of the column, retraced his steps in moody despair. At Clifton Moor, near Penrith, he gallantly checked the pursuit of Cumberland. He recrossed the Esk on his birthday (Dec. 20), entered Glasgow on the 26th, and arrived before Stirling Jan. 3, 1746. Repulsed thence, he retreated to Inverness (Feb. 1), deserted by most of the chieftains, who promised to collect a new army of 10,000 men. On April 8 the duke of Cumberland advanced from Aberdeen, and met the little army of Charles Edward on CULLODEN MOOR. The Highlanders broke the first of the three English lines, but were repulsed by the second and utterly routed. Charles dis missed his few remaining followers; and after adventures more romantic than those of Charles II. after Worcester, embarked in a French vessel (Sept. 20), and landed at Morlaix (Sept. 29, 1746). The duke of Cumberland obtained the epithet of the Butcher by his cruelty to the insurgents. Most of the chieftains escaped; but the lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino were executed on Tower Hill, with the old intriguer lord Lovat, who had acted a double part throughout. Many of lesser note suffered all the hideous penalties of high treason. But wiser measures were soon adopted to weaken the system of clanship and to civilize the Highlands. Foremost among these were the military roads, whose excellence has been commemorated in the couplet : "If you'd seen but these roads before they were made, No serious effort was again made by the exiled family. James Francis, the "Old Pretender," died at the age of seventy-seven in 1765. His son Charles Edward, the "Young Pretender," sank into sottishness, and died on the fatal anniversary of Jan. 30, 1788, just a century after the revolution. His only brother, Henry Benedict, assumed the empty title of HENRY IX.; but lived quietly at Rome ȧs Cardinal York, on a pension provided by George III. The ancient and ill-fated line of Stuart died with him in 1807. After some further successes of the French in Flanders and of the English at sea, the war was ended by the general PEACE OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, on the basis of the mutual restitution of conquests; but Frederick was allowed to keep Silesia (Oct. 1748). The peace lasted barely seven years. Besides the disputes in India, to be mentioned presently, serious collisions had occurred between the French and English in America; the French fleet at Brest was suspected to be destined for the St. Lawrence, and sir Edward Hawke was directed to destroy every French ship between Cape Ortegal and Cape Clear. Even while perpetrating this outrage on national law, the duke of Newcastle's government were blind to the preparations of the French for attacking Minorca, and Port Mahon was already invested, when admiral Byng (second son of lord Torrington) arrived with a badly equipped squadron of 10 ships (May 19, 1756). After a partial action with the French fleet, Byng retired to Gibraltar. Fort St. Philip, the key to Port Mahon, surrendered on June 27, and Minorca was lost. The popular indignation demanded a victim. Byng was condemned to death by a courtmartial, and shot on the quarter-deck of the Monarque, for not having done his best against the enemy (March 14, 1757). A great change was now effected in the English ministry. Since the death of Henry Pelham (1754), the government had been con ducted by his brother, the duke of Newcastle, with the aid of HENRY FOX (afterwards lord Holland) and secretary MURRAY; but the resignation of the former, and the elevation of the latter to the chief-justiceship, with the title of lord MANSFIELD, broke up the government, and the king was obliged to send for William Pitt. Dismissed after a few months, Pitt was borne back to office by the popular voice, and entered on his first administration-one of the most glorious periods in our annals. Newcastle held the almost nominal office of first lord of the Treasury, and Fox was paymaster of the forces, but without a seat in the cabinet (June 29, 1757). Meanwhile the ambition of Frederick II. had provoked an European coalition, of which the mainspring was baron Kaunitz, the prime minister of Maria Theresa. He formed a secret treaty with France at Versailles (May 1, 1756), and another with Russia, Poland, Saxony, and Sweden, for the partition of Prussia. The treachery of a clerk revealed the plot to Frederick, who at once seized Dresden, the capital of Saxony, and so began the SEVEN YEARS' WAR. George II. now resolved to support his nephew, though he feared is ambition, and had often been offended by his sarcastic speeches. In the first campaign, however, the duke of Cumberland was driven out of Hanover by the duke of Richelieu. The king did not conceal his resentment, and the duke retired from court, and took no conspicuous part in public affairs for the rest of his life. He died in 1765, at the age of forty-five. While the king of Prussia retrieved his affairs by the victories of Rossbach and Leuthen, which obtained for him in England a subsidy of 670,000l., and the title of the champion of Protestantism, Pitt was planning vast campaigns in Europe, Africa, America, and India (1758). The ports of France were threatened. An attempt on Cherbourg failed at first, but, on its renewal in August, the place was found deserted, and the works were destroyed. Next year (1759) RODNEY bombarded Havre, destroying many of the boats collected for invading England; Boscawen dispersed the Toulon fleet; Brest and Dunkirk were blockaded; and sir Edward Hawke gained a great victory over the French fleet under De Conflans, off Quiberon (Nov. 20). On land, prince Ferdinand of Brunswick drove the French out of Hanover (1758), pursued them over the Rhine, and gained the victory of Crefeld (June 23, 1758), but was obliged to retreat. Next year he was defeated by the duke of Broglie near Frankfort and driven back to the Weser; and he then gained the decisive battle of MINDEN, where the French were only saved from destruction by the misconduct of lord George Sackville, who commanded the cavalry, and thrice refused to charge (August 1759). Pitt dismissed lord George from all his employments. The campaigns of Frederick himself are too complicated to be narrated here. Lastly, in 1760, admiral Thurat failed in an attempt to invade Ireland. In AFRICA, the island of Goree, at the mouth of the Senegal, was taken from the French (1758). In AMERICA, an expedition under admiral Boscawen and lord Amherst took Cape Breton and the island of St. John's, the name of which was changed to Prince Edward's Island, in honour of the next brother of the prince of Wales. In this expedition great credit was gained by a very young general named JAMES WOLFE, whom Pitt had appointed second in command, on his uniform principle of paying regard to merit only. He was now chosen for the most important, though not nominally the highest post in a grand expedition which Pitt had planned for the conquest of Canada. Three armies were to co-operate from the base of the North American colonies and the mouth of the St. Lawrence. On the west a body of colonists and Indians, under general Prideaux and sir William Johnson, were to advance by Niagara and lake Ontario upon Montreal. In the centre, the main army, under Amherst, was to take Ticonderoga, secure the navigation of lake Champlain, and proceed along the river Richelieu to join Wolfe, who was meanwhile to ascend the St. Lawrence and lay siege to Quebec. His army of 8000 men were conveyed by the fleet of admiral Saunders to the Isle of Orleans opposite Quebec, where they disembarked on June 27, 1759. Here Wolfe found himself alone; for, though the other armies had been successful, they had not had time to join him. Wolfe saw the city towering above him on the almost inaccessible banks of the St. Lawrence and the St. Charles, and defended by an army of 10,000 men under the marquis of Montcalm, the governor of Canada, and a general of the highest reputation, who occupied an impregnable position outside of the city. Having in vain attempted an assault (July 31), Wolfe resolved to turn Montcalm's position by ascending the St. Lawrence and scaling the Heights of Abraham. His little force of 3600 men, which was all he could now make available, was conveyed in silence up the river in boats to a place now called Wolfe's Cove, on the night of September 13. As they rowed on, Wolfe repeated Gray's Elegy to his officers, and, pausing on the line, "The paths of glory lead but to the grave," he added, "Now, gentlemen, I would rather be the author of that poem than to take Quebec." The enterprise succeeded perfectly. Montcalm was forced to abandon his position and fight under the disadvantage of a surprise. The first volley, which the English had reserved till they were within forty yards, made the French waver. As Wolfe, though already wounded, led on his grenadiers to the charge, two more shots struck him down. He was carried out of the battle; and, as he lay dying, an officer exclaimed, "See how they run!" “Who run?” cried Wolfe. "The enemy," replied the officer. "Then God be praised!" said Wolfe, “I shall die happy;" and with these words he expired at the early age of thirty-three. Montcalm, an antagonist worthy of him, was also killed in the battle. Quebec capitulated on September 18, and the conquest of Canada was finished in the following year (1760). While these scenes were passing in Europe and America, a still more glorious conquest was begun in India by the genius of ROBERT CLIVE. Little is known of Indian history from the invasion of Alexander the Great to the conquest of the Mohammedans of Central Asia. In the second half of the 17th century nearly the whole peninsula was united under the sceptre of Aurungzebe, who had his capital at Delhi (1659-1707). After his death, his empire fell a prey to the reviving power of the warlike Mahrattas and other native princes, and to the incursion of the Persians under KubliKhan; and the internal disorders of the peninsula laid it open to European conquest. The Portuguese, sailing round the Cape of Good Hope, had formed settlements as early as 1498, of which Goa became the chief. The Dutch followed them; and, in 1599, the merchants of London formed the East India Company, which has been already mentioned several times. Their first permanent settlement was on the Coromandel coast, at Fort St. George and Madras. Under Charles II. the Isle of Bombay, on the Malabar coast, was acquired as the dowry of Catherine of Braganza. In 1698 a territory at the mouth of the Ganges was ceded by the Great Mogul, for an annual tribute; here Fort William was erected and named in honour of the king, and the capital of Calcutta grew up. Each of these three stations had its president, responsible to the company at home; and each was defended by a small force of English soldiers, and of natives who were called Sepoys from the Indian sipahi, a soldier. But as yet there were no thoughts of conquest. The jealousies excited by the Dutch and Portuguese had subsided, when the French appeared in India as rivals. They formed under Louis XIV. the settlements of Chandernagore on the Hooghly, near Calcutta, and Pondicherry, south of Madras; while the possession of the Isles of France Mauritius) and Bourbon, in the Indian Ocean, aided their communications. In 1747, La Bourdonnais, the governor of these islands, defeated an English fleet and took Madras; but it was wrested from him by the jealousy of Dupleix, the governor of the French possessions on the Coromandel coast, and given back to England by the peace of |
