groynes, which run out a long way across the sands. Experience has shown that when these groynes extend only a short distance, although they are serviceable in preventing the beach from being hollowed out, they do not lead to any accumulation of sand. When they are extended outwards from 430 to 560 yards they afford practical protection to the sea-wall, and cause a rise in the upper part of the beach. These groynes are from 2 to 3 feet high, made of mounds of earth covered with grass and matting, having a top width of 4 feet, with slopes of 4 to 1 on the windward side and 3 to 1 on the lee side (Min. Proc. Inst. C.E., vol. xxi.).

On the north coast of the Island of Schouwen, for the purpose of preventing the waves from the North Sea forming deep lows close to the shore and endangering its safety, groynes were placed at right angles to the coast, spaced 164 yards apart. These were constructed of layers of fascines covered with stones and fastened down to the beach with oak staves. The result was satisfactory. The cost of maintenance of from 18 to 25 groynes between the years 1872-86 was given as £5703, equal to £19 a year for each

groyne.

For the purpose of protecting the coast of Mecklenburg near Rostock, and to keep open the entrance of the Warnemunde by trapping the sand drifting along the coast, and thus creating a beach, groynes spaced 1 times their length were erected in 1889, for a length of 2 miles along the coast, and carried to a depth of 8 feet. They consisted of piles 8 inches in diameter driven 31 feet, and pitched in two rows 23 feet apart. Fascines were packed between the piles, and secured by transverse timbers and walings. The piles at the end of the groynes were sunk 5 to 6 feet, and the fascines weighted with stones. The result was quite successful, the drift of the sand, which is very fine, being stopped by the fascines, and a beach formed 55 yards wide and to a depth of 61⁄2 feet.