of the first three States in the number of illiterates are Northern States, New York and Pennsylvania.

The lines are graphic representations of the number of illiterates in the different States. New York has far more illiterates than any other State in the Union, nearly half a million. Then comes Georgia, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and a number of the Southern States. Then some of our other States.

Mr. DOUGHTON. Are you still using the same definition as to illiteracy?

ILLITERATES IN UNITED STATES

NO SCHOOLING WHATEVER"

4931,905 TOTAL ILLITERATES

3084733 NATIVE BORN 1842161 NEGRO

1242572 NATIVE WHITE

ܙܙ

531077 NATIVE MINOR"

These figures are all from the Federal census. The three words at the top are also quoted from the census.

Mr. NORTON. Yes. I use that rather than the Army draft definition, because there is no question whatever about the people indicated by these figures being really illiterate; they are at the bottom in education; they can not even write their names in most cases. If I wanted to use the Army draft definition I could put this line way out here [indicating on chart]. But this represents absolute illiteracy.

Mr. DOUGHTON. That gives numbers and not percentages?

Mr. NORTON. These are numbers, yes; 425,000 in New York, representing those who have had "no schooling whatever." The quotation at the top of the chart is from the Fourteenth Census, volume 3, page 10.

Mr. DOUGHTON. That is for all ages?

ILLITERACY-1920 CENSUS

REPRESENTING ONLY THOSE WHO HAVE HAD NO
SCHOOLING WHATEVER-1920 CENSUS VOLIII P.IO

The figures given for each State as to the total number of illiterates are from the 1920 census, as is the quotation at head of the chart.

Mr. NORTON. Yes.

Mr. HASTINGS. All ages above 10?

Mr. NORTON. Yes; above 10 years of age.

Mr. ROBSION. I want to compliment your table. The witnesses have been emphasizing too much the need of this legislation for people in the highlands of the South. I have always taken the position that this was needed all over the country. That does not confine it to one section or one State, does it?

Mr. NORTON. No.

The CHAIRMAN. Kentucky has a pretty good record there.

Mr. HASTINGS. I always understood that Montana has less illiteracy than any other State, but it is the forty-second State according to that.

The CHAIRMAN. Wyoming stands high.

Mr. HASTINGS. Of course it is somewhat in relation to population, but, when you are considering the vote, the numbers are important. Montana could have the least percentage, could it not, and yet have a little larger number than these others?

Mr. NORTON. Yes. This next chart deals only with native-born illiterates.

Mr. DOUGHTON. This other chart includes both?

Mr. NORTON. Yes; native and foreign born.

Mr. HASTINGS. And this is still above 10 years of age?

Mr. NORTON. Yes; native born, black and white; nearly 2,000,000 black and something over a million white, showing how the native born illiteracy problem is largely confined to the Southern States. But the whole problem as shown by the previous chart is not at all a southern problem exclusively; it is a national problem, because two of the first three States are Northern States.

Mr. LOWREY. You might give some of those figures.

Mr. NORTON. Georgia has 327,000 native-born illiterates; Louisiana, 288,000; Alabama, 276,000; North Carolina, 238,000; Mississippi, 228,000; South Carolina, 220,000; Virginia, 192,000; Texas, 182,000; Tennessee, 181,000; Kentucky, 152,000; Arkansas, 120,000; Florida, 68,000; Missouri, 65,000; West Virginia, 54,000; Pennsylvania, 53,000; Maryland, 50,000; Ohio, 46,000. Did you want all of them?

Mr. LOWREY. That gives us an idea. Have you any statistics as to what proportion the Southern States are white? Take Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, what proportion of those are white?

Mr. NORTON. Yes. I was going to present some tables on this problem of illiteracy. Will you please pass these around, each member retaining one?

May I ask that these tables, as well as the charts, be put in the record?

The CHAIRMAN. Yes.

Mr. NORTON. Now, to answer the question you have just asked, if you will turn to Table 3, column 2 gives the number of native white illiterates and the percentage will be found in column 4.

If you compare that with all native born, the chart preceding, you can quickly tell what are white and what are black. For example, take Alabama. There are a total of 276,000 illiterates, native born. Now, of that number 65,000 are white. The remainder, of course, are black.

In Arkansas, for example, there is a total of 120,000 native-born illiterates. Of that number 41,000 are white. Is that clear? The CHAIRMAN. About a third are white, then?

These figures as to the number of native-born illiterates in each State are from the Federal census. There are more native-born than foreign-born illiterates in the United States.

Mr. NORTON. Yes. In these tables that I have given you will find detailed figures, both as to the number and percentage of illiteracy in all the States. All are based on the Federal census, and please keep in mind in studying the tables and charts that we refer to those that have had no schooling whatever. Double that if you want to consider those who have had perhaps too little schooling to be effective citizens in a democracy.

THE ILLITERACY PROBLEM

The subsequent five tables give the figures on illiteracy as taken from the Federal census:

TABLE I.-The States and the illiteracy problem, 1920 Census, Volume III