which is σ,, or 3, have in the future and imperative Peal for the most part the vowel under the middle radical. In the other conjugations and the active participle Peal, they have in the place of "; as, ils so glorying, he mocked, he

worshipping, commemorated.

The verbs

he consoled, he defiled, 11, he polluted, in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, have the same changes of the vowels as the gutturals which are mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

38. The Present Tense is formed by the participles (form) and the personal pronouns placed after them; thus,

The third pers. plu. is expressed simply by the act. part. in the plural number.

These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted and affixed to the verb; as, ▲, ó thou art slaying, second pers. sing. masc. and fem.

form

The substantive verb added to the participial will sometimes express the imperfect tense;

as, loo

he was slaying. But if this verb be added to the præterite it will sometimes make the pluperfect tense; as, 100 o he had slain.

The pluperfect tense will not always be determined in this manner; for it sometimes happens that the auxiliary verb is thus found with the præterite, when the context will not permit it to signify the pluperfect tense. In such case the præterite or imperfect tense will be expressed.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

39. LARGE classes of verbs deviate from the foregoing paradigm of W and present many irregularities in the process of conjugation. They are produced by nearly the same causes as in Hebrew, namely, by gutturals, which have been already noticed; by the letters; by the first radical being Nun; or by

the second and third radicals being the same. Indeed the same classes of irregular verbs exist in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole of that family of languages.

We have seen that the verbis employed to designate the conjugations. The classes of irregular verbs also are usually denoted, for the sake of brevity, by one

stand for ,ܦܢ ,ܦܝ ,ܦܐ ,thus ;ܦܥܠ of the letters in

J

"

verbs the first radical of which is 1 or 1; is, as ss, those the middle radical of which is oor or the second and third radicals the same; and finally

"

"

,, those the last radical of which is or

"

40. Verbs 19 org.

1. In accounting for the anomalies which exist in this class, it is to be observed that Olaph or Yud beginning a word must have a vowel; as,

.ܝܠܕ ܐܨܦ he begot, and not ܝܠ ,he was anxious

See § 5.

2. In the middle of a word Olaph or Yud and the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels. This is the consequence of what is stated in (1); for in those forms where two consonants without vowels come together the Olaph or Yud would begin a syllable, and would consequently require a vowel as much as at the beginning of a word.

3. This vowel of the Olaph or Yud is generally remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad

"

dition is made to the end of the word, to avoid the concourse of several letters without vowels, the Olaph or Yud retains its vowel; thus,

begotten, begotten.

121 they were corroded,

21 he was

4. In the Aphel, Shaphel, and their passive conjugations, the Olaph or Yud is changed into Vau, which coalesces with the preceding and makes the diphthong au; as, ol' do.

5. Olaph and Yud are dropped in the future first person singular; as, o I shall eat, for Voll, Š! I shall beget.

6. Verbs are regular in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore exceptions to (5).

7. In the Peal conjugation the vowel of the Olaph is in the præt. In the pass. participle it is 7. In the imper. in those cases where the second vowel is, the first is ; as, Vol eat thou, masc.; but if the second vowel be, the first is ; as,

n

say thou, masc. A similar rule is observed in the future tense, namely, when the second vowel is the first is, and when the second is the first is .

8. The Olaph in the Ethpeel and Ethpaal conjugations is sometimes changed into 2; as, 221 from

he took, 221 he lamented. Indeed Olaph pre

ceded by Thau is frequently changed into Thau for the sake of euphony.

9. Olaph or Yud in the middle of a word rests in general in or . The latter is sometimes changed into the former.

The verb he departed, makes its imperative mood of the Peal conjugation thus,

The of has the linea occultans as often as it

ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one. In such cases the vowel of Lomad is remitted to Zain; as, Ai she departed.

J

in some verbs

In the passive part. Peal the radical receives the vowel instead of ; as, taught, Rom.

ii. 18.

I

I

Yud in the verb has no need of the vowel ; because the second radical is not pronounced, and therefore its vowel is remitted to the first. In the imper. we have.

The Yud remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs The ejaculated, he sucked.