simply represents the efforts in another field of the same people that founded both institutions.

Today present efforts at co-operation are of two forms, guild halls and associated seminaries or colleges. The guild hall makes no atempt at academic rating. It provides a home for such students as desire a social centre and dormitory privileges, a place where they may meet and come to know the leaders of their several denominations, and opportunities for instruction for such as will carry on the work from personal interest. Two excellent examples of such foundations are Westminster Hall, at the University of Kansas, and the Bible College of Missouri at the University of that state. Should those in control deem wise and their patrons approve, these two plants by widening their plans and adding to facilities could develop into associated colleges officially recognized and credited by the respective universities.

An interesting situation exists at the University of California. A number of theological seminaries have either been located on sites adjoining the University grounds or plans for such a step are under way.

Such a plan is one of mutual benefit. The presence of a theological faculty rounds out the University circle. On the other hand the influence on the seminary cannot be overestimated. The student of divinity finds himself in possession of library and other facilities such as he could not enjoy in an isolated seminary unless it happened to be located in a large city. And, further, the opportunity to select studies from the large range of the University curriculum and to attend the public lectures provided by a large institution, and the stimulation to a wider reading would immeasurably enlarge his intellectual horizon. Best of all the young man grows up with the kind of men with whom he must one day live and serve as pastor. No better parish can be found than that among one's associates in the different colleges of a great university. The young clergyman learns how to deport himself among men and the other man learns to respect the clergyman.

The Associated College is not necessarily a theological seminary, though in Canada-the term being used in a broader sense than in the United States-the seminary is sometimes so classed.

The first Associated College in the United States must be credited to North Dakota. By agreement between the presidents

and governing boards of the institutions concerned the Methodist College of the State, the Red River Valley University, has been moved to a site adjacent to the State University. We quote from the "Memorandum" the basis of co-operation agreed upon:

As a basis of co-operation between the State University and the Methodist Church of the state, the following suggestions seem practicable:

1. That the Methodist Church change the name of its institution from the Red River Valley University to Wesley College.

2. That a building or buildings be erected in near proximity to the State University, but on a separate campus, to include a Guild Hall, such recitation rooms as may be required for the work proposed, possibly dormitories for young women and young men, and a president's house.

3. That the course of study may

be:

(a) Bible and Church History, English Bible, New Testament Greek, Hebrew, Theism, and such other subjects as the college may elect in pursuance of its purpose.

(b) A brief course that may be designated as a Bible Normal course, intended specially to fit students to become efficient Sunday-school teachers and lay workers, and upon the completion of which certificates of recognition may be granted.

(c) Instruction in music and elocution may be given if desired and appropriate certificates granted.

(d) Guild Hall lectures.

4. That the State University grant for work done in subjects included under (a) above, such credit toward the B. A. degree as it gives to technical work done in its own professional schools and to work done in other colleges of reputable standing: Likewise, Wesley College shall give credit for work done in the State University in similar manner as preparation for any degree or certificate it may offer.

5. Each institution shall have full control of the discipline of students upon its own grounds.

6. It shall be deemed proper for students to take degrees from both institutions if they so desire.

At the University of Toronto a similar plan has been in successful operation for several years. Six colleges located in the city of Toronto have become associated with the University, either

federated, i. e., by act of Parliament, thereby becoming organically united with the institution, or by affiliation, i. e. by act of the University Senate, the union not being organic. Victoria University, Methodist, supports arts college and theological seminary, Wycliffe, Church of England, and Knox, Presbyterian, are theological seminaries only; St. Michael's College, Roman Catholic, supports grade and high school work, arts and commercial courses, and also prepares candidates for the priesthood. University College is a secular arts college. The Presidents of these associated colleges are ex-officio members of the University Council and Senate. Entrance requirements are those laid down by the educational authorities of the Province. In this way the heavy expenses involved in museums, laboratories and the like, are in the University and the expense is shared equally by all. The several denominations provide religious training for their own and thus relieve the University of a serious embarrassment. The success of the enterprise wherever it has been tried, has warranted its existence and already other similar projects are under way.

This plan provides three invaluable features in the University scheme:

1. An educational element in a field vital to well-rounded discipline and one in which the state institution is for the present hampered.

2. A guild hall where may be held public lectures, social meetings and such student gatherings as may from time to time most conduce to the welfare of those concerned.

3. Dormitories, in which point many state institutions are deficient. The dormitories is the phase of college or university life to which the old graduate looks back with greatest enthusiasm. Here center the traditions and memories that hallow academic life.

A fourth feature may be added (see the North Dakota plan), that of a form of university extension, in which the asociated college ministers not only to the students in attendance, but to all— at least of the supporters-ministering to those otherwise denied oportunity.

Chautauqua Assemblies as Centers for

Religious Instruction

KATE F. KIMBALL

Executive Secretary, Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle

The Chautauqua summer assemblies in America represent a social and educational movement of growing significance. New centers are constantly being established and many of the older assemblies have shown a permanence which indicates the appreciation in which they are held by the thousands of men and women who give them their support. More than a hundred of these Chautauquas will be held during the coming summer and of these half a score at least can point to a continuous history of from twenty to twenty-five years.

While the term Chautauqua is constantly missapplied to gatherings which have no conception of the spirit or purpose of the Chautauqua system of education, yet the larger number of these summer Chautauquas are attempting to realize worthy ideals and by friendly cooperation are seeking to establish and maintain true educational standards.

As fields of work for the Religious Education Association the assemblies offer great opportunities. They are in the first place essentially religious in their purpose. The higher religious and educational training of the Sunday School teacher was the impulse which created the original Chautauqua and it has been characteristic also of the movement throughout the country. The people who are therefore attracted to these Chautauquas are persons to whom the religious element appeals and who are ready to support any scheme of religious education which commends itself to them. They have confidence in the management of the assembly and are prepared to listen with unprejudiced minds to the message of any accredited teacher. Any one at all familiar with the assembly movement can instance very many Chautauquas where Bible teachers of the most scholarly type have been welcomed with enthusiasm, speaking daily to large audiences

whose eager attention seemed almost pathetic in its suggestion of the wide-spread need for rational religious teaching. The interdenominational character of most of the assemblies leads of necessity to a type of teaching which lays emphasis upon the fundamental beliefs of Christianity, theological and sectarian dogmas being relegated to a properly subordinate place. Such influences make for that religious unity and harmony which the Religious Education Association is peculiarly fitted to promote. Progressive, thoughtful ministers are to be found at every such Chautauqua and their churches are enriched throughout the year by the stimulating influence of the religious life of the assembly.

It is true also that most Chautauquas combine with their religious features, educational influences which are of distinct value. Study classes of various kinds form the rudiments of a summer school which, at some of the stronger assemblies, offers quite an extended curriculum. The Woman's Club meets in daily conference upon women's activities in home, church, school and society. The Chautauqua Reading Circle holds its annual reunions and Recognition Day exercises, enrollng new members for its four years course of reading and laying positive emphasis upon the "broad outlook" as an essential feature of the higher life. Gatherings of young people's societies, the inauguration of "College Day" and the establishment of Boy's and Girl's Clubs are indications of the importance which the assembly attaches to the activities of young people. These tendencies bring entire families to the assembly, parents and children, thus becoming permanent supporters of these summer institutions. It will be seen that the assembly is during the two or three or more weeks of its session, a social center of great possibilities. The men and women who gather there are important factors in the religious, social and educational life of their own communities and often of the state at large. They are awake to the advantages of religious education not alone for themselves but for those whom they can influence. To such people the opportunity of studying for several weeks under the direction of a trained Biblical scholar is the experience of a life time, and one which can hardly be appreciated by persons who have such opportunities constantly.

Then again the Assembly is a place where the average person feels himself at his best. The environment is sympathetic. For