to acknowledge the proprietary and gave the colonists much annoyance. It was an instance of conflicting claims which were very common in the early history of America.

In 1649 the Maryland Assembly passed the "Toleration Act." This seems to have been simply the affirmation of what had been the regular practice of the colonists from the time of settlement, but is entitled to all praise as being the first legislative act on record in favor of religious toleration. It was toleration, however, not freedom; for several penalties were prescribed against all persons guilty of blasphemy, or denying the divinity of Christ, or using reproachful words against the Virgin Mary or the Apostles; but it does not appear that these punishments were ever inflicted.

The colony had little trouble from the Indians except when they were stirred up by the white men, and Maryland prospered greatly and increased rapidly in population. The liberal policy of the proprietary attracted settlers, and he himself invited men from all quarters, even Puritans from England. The new comers had not the spirit of toleration, and as soon as they and their sympathizers were in the majority, they made Maryland an Episcopal colony, disfranchised the Roman Catholics, and the Friends or Quakers, and forced all to support the Church of England, which they made the state church. This occurred in 1692. By the revolution of 1688 Lord Baltimore lost his province, because he had sided with the fallen Stuarts, and Maryland became a royal colony, the king appointing the governors; but in 1716 the nominal proprietary having become Protestant, the colony was restored to the Baltimore family, with whom it remained until the family became extinct in 1771.

24. Virginia becomes a Royal Colony. (1624.) The adop tion of a House of Burgesses in Virginia (sect. 10) was

approved by the company in England, and in 1621 a written constitution was sent out confirming the privileges. In 1624 the charter of the company was resigned to the crown, and Virginia became a royal province. The king now appointed the governor and Council, but the Assembly still made the laws subject to the veto of the governor. Tobacco was the staple crop of the province, and large quantities of it were raised and exported, the number of navigable streams adding greatly to the ease of export, for the vessels could come up to the plantations and load directly for England. Tobacco was also the principal article of trade, so much so indeed that it was used in place of money both in keeping accounts and in purchasing.

Virginia was always a Church of England, or Episcopal, colony; this was the established church, and all persons were taxed for its support. It was also a very loyal colony, and sided with the king in the civil war, though making no resistance to the rule of Parliament.

25. Virginia; Bacon's Rebellion. (1676.)-When Charles II. came to the throne, he ill-rewarded the Virginians, allowing the governors to rule harshly, while in England the Navigation laws also (sect. 55) operated greatly to their disadvantage. Troubles arose with the Indians; the colonists blamed the government for not protecting them, and in 1676 a number under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the celebrated English family of that name, and who was a rich, brave, patriotic, and popular man, rebelled and raised forces to go against the Indians. Berkeley, the governor, at first yielded so far as to give Bacon a commission against the Indians, then when he had gone, proclaimed him and his associates rebels. On Bacon's return, there was civil war between the parties, in the course of which Berkeley was

driven out of Jamestown, the capital, and the place burnt. Jamestown was not rebuilt; Williamsburg became the capital. Worn out by the fatigues of his campaigns, Bacon died after a short illness, and the rebellion was at an end. The governor hanged twenty-three of the principal rebels. On hearing this, Charles II. is said to have remarked, "The old fool has taken away more lives in that naked country than I did for the murder of my father." Though the rebellion had been a failure, it showed the character of the people and what might be expected if harsh measures were persisted in.

26. Virginia; Growth and Prosperity of the Colony. (1676– 1715.) Soon after Bacon's rebellion, peace was made with the Indians, and there was no more trouble with them. Virginia remained a royal colony until the Revolution. The manner of life was very different in Virginia from that in the more northern and eastern colonies. The land was fertile and was divided into large plantations; and while there was not as much wealth altogether as in New England, there were more rich men, and these had naturally got most of the power into their own hands. There were fewer towns, as there was little need of protection from the Indians, and, as the planters imported their own goods from England in return for their tobacco, there was no attempt at manufacturing. The planter also supplied his poorer neighbor, who was thus almost continually in his debt and so in his power. Notwithstanding harsh legislation, Virginia prospered greatly and the population increased. In 1670 Berkeley estimated the population at 40,000, including 2000 negro slaves and 6000 indentured white servants. Indentured servants were of at least four classes: (1) Those who, for the sake of emigrating to the new country, had bound themselves for a certain number of years to those who paid their passage money.

(2) Those who when boys and girls had been bound to service until they became of age. (3) Persons of all ages who had been kidnapped and brought over and sold to the planters. (4) Convicts who had been sent to the colonies to rid England of their presence; more convicts were sent to Virginia than to any other colony, and not a few of these, removed from evil association, became excellent citizens. In 1715 the total population was thought to be about 95,000.

27. The Carolinas. (1663-1665.) — In 1663, and again in 1665, Charles II. granted the territory now occupied by the Carolinas and Georgia to eight proprietors, most of whom had aided him in regaining the crown of England. As usual, little regard was paid to the boundaries, or to previous claims, for the gift included settlements which had been made by the Virginians, and which by right belonged to that province. When the French had attempted to plant a colony at Port Royal (sect. 8), they had called a fort Carolina in honor of Charles IX. of France; the proprietors used this name, but in honor of Charles of England. This grant extended to the Pacific Ocean and south into Florida, thus conflicting both with French and Spanish claims.

28. The Carolinas; John Locke; John Archdale. (1669-1696.) It was resolved to provide a model government for the Carolinas, and an elaborate scheme for the new enterprise was drawn up. The philosopher John Locke was consulted, but his share in the document is not known; his published views on government make it unlikely that he was responsible for many of the political features. The scheme provided for a nobility having different ranks, proprietors, landgraves, caciques, and lords of manors. While the nobility were to own a certain amount of land in proportion to their