(nearly what is now the state of Maine), Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and all Long Island, to the Duke of York, his brother, afterwards James II., as an absolute dominion, the only proviso being that no laws should be made conflicting with those of England. The importance of this grant lay in the fact that the Duke of York was the heir to the throne and at the death of Charles II. all these would become crown property.

33. Capture of New Amsterdam by English; New York. (1664.) The duke sent out the same year a strong force, which, appearing before New Amsterdam, found that town wholly unprepared for defence, and so the governor, Peter Stuyvesant, was forced to submit. Richard Nicolls, who commanded the fleet, immediately proclaimed the Duke of York

as ruler, and ordered that the city should henceforth be called New York. Fortunately most of the Dutch, feeling that they had been neglected by their old rulers, or perhaps not caring very much about the matter, quietly accepted the situation, and so the transfer of authority was accomplished without a drop of blood being shed. Even Stuyvesant gave in his allegiance. The conquest of the remaining posts soon followed, and the whole province was lost to the Dutch. Nicolls, whom the duke had appointed governor, was a skilful, shrewd man, and managed affairs well. Though the government was absolute, a despotism, it was mild; the Dutch laws and

PETER STUYVESANT.

NEW YORK; LEISLER.

37

customs were not rudely overturned, and there was little at first to complain of.

34. Recapture of New York by Dutch; Restored to English. Leisler. (1673-1691.) — The Dutch at home did not regard the capture of New Netherland with equanimity, but it was not until 1673 that they saw an opportunity for revenge. In that year a powerful fleet appeared off New York and found the city as unprepared as Nicolls had found it nine years before, and again it was conquered without a blow, and the province was again under Dutch rule. Peace was made in 1674, and William of Orange, the stadtholder of Holland, seeing the difficulty of retaining the settlement, readily consented to return it to England. It then remained under the English rule until the Revolution. The later English governors were harsh, and the colonists had much less freedom than their neighbors, not having an Assembly until 1683, and even this privilege was taken away for a short time, though afterwards restored.

There were continual troubles with Connecticut about boundaries, with East Jersey about duties on produce, and also with the Indians. In 1689 the people were so enraged with the governor that they rose against him under the leadership of a captain of the guards, Jacob Leisler, whom they made governor in his place. William and Mary, who had succeeded to the English throne, sent out a new governor, Sloughter, who arrested Leisler on the charge of high treason; on his conviction,

JACOB LEISLER'S HOUSE.

Sloughter was persuaded to sign his death warrant, and he was executed. Leisler's true character has been the subject of much dispute, some regarding him as a true patriot, others as an adventurer, whose chief object was to get power for himself, and whose rule was as bad as that of the English governors, if not worse.

35. The Patroons in New York. (1629.) The Dutch had encouraged emigration by making large grants of land to patroons, a kind of nobility. These let out their lands at low rents to settlers, who therefore were not owners as in the other colonies. The English did not alter this arrangement, and it was not until about 1844 that the last remnant of this system disappeared (sect. 251).

In the Dutch charter providing for the patroons (1629), it was stated that "the Patroons and colonists were to support a minister and schoolmaster, that thus the service of God and zeal for religion may not grow cold and neglected among them." This provision is among the very earliest in America which recognize the importance of establishing the foundation of religion and education.1

Notwithstanding its unrivalled position, New York grew

slowly.

When Stuyvesant surrendered to the English in 1664, the population of that city was about 1500 only, and the northern limit was a wall running from river to river, where Wall Street now is.

36. New Jersey Charter. (1664.) The Swedes, who had begun a settlement on the Delaware River (sect. 11) in 1665, were conquered by the Dutch, and the whole of what is now New Jersey and also the west bank of the Delaware River

1 The influence of the Dutch upon American institutions has not been sufficiently recognized.

and Bay came under Dutch rule. When Charles II., in 1664, made his grant to the Duke of York, all the Dutch and Swedish settlements were included. The same year

the duke granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, as proprietors, what is now New Jersey. In the patent the name was fixed as New Cæsaria or New Jersey. This name was given in honor of Sir George Carteret, who held the island of Jersey in the English Channel during the civil war in England. The proprietors provided a system of government which was very liberal, and also sent out a relative of Carteret, Philip Carteret, as governor. The landing was made at a settlement which the governor named Elizabethtown, after the wife of Sir George Carteret. There was much trouble experienced from former settlers, and politically the proprietors had no easy time. The Indians were, however, paid for their lands when taken, and being fairly treated in other respects, the colony was not harassed by Indians.

37%. Growth of New Jersey; Division of the Colony. (1674.) The liberal concessions of the proprietors attracted many settlers, and Newark was founded by Puritans from Connecticut in 1666; many also came from Long Island. In 1674 Berkeley sold half of his province, which was the western, to Edward Byllinge and John Fenwick, both members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. The province was thus divided into two parts known as West and East Jersey. The boundary line was the subject of much dispute and was changed more than once. John Fenwick went out with an expedition in 1675 and landed at a place which he called Salem. In 1677 William Penn and others of the same religious body bought Byllinge's share, and founded Burlington during the same year.

38. Penn and Others buy East Jersey. (1681.) In 1681 William Penn and eleven others, probably all Friends, bought East Jersey, which, after Sir George Carteret's death, was offered at auction to the highest bidder. These twelve owners soon sold out one-half of their interest to twelve others, thus increasing the owners to twenty-four. There was a strange mixture of religious and political beliefs represented," Papists, Dissenters, and Quakers," Royalists, and Puritans. Notwithstanding this great diversity of opinion there seems to have been no discord among the owners, and one of their number, Robert Barclay, the well-known author of the "Apology Apology" or defence of Quaker doctrines, was chosen governor. He did not, however, come to America, but sent a deputy whose administration was very satisfactory.

39. West Jersey; Presbyterian Influence; Becomes a Royal Colony. (1685-1702.) Meanwhile a separate government was maintained in West Jersey, Edward Byllinge being the first governor, but, like Barclay, ruling by a deputy. Burlington was the capital of West Jersey. The capital of East Jersey was first Elizabethtown and afterwards Perth Amboy.

The Presbyterians were at this time suffering much from persecution in Scotland, and that their attention was called to East Jersey as a place of refuge, was probably because the Earl of Perth, and others of the proprietors, were Scotchmen. In 1685 a large number of them emigrated to the new province and so laid the foundation of the Presbyterian influence in New Jersey. The influence of the Puritans in East Jersey is shown by the severity of the laws for the punishment of crimes, as there were thirteen classes of offences punishable by death in that province, while in West Jersey capital punishment was not allowed.

Andros, who was appointed by James II. governor of all