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43. Penn sails for America; Treaty. (1682.) — In 1682 Penn sailed with about one hundred emigrants for his province, and landed October 29 (old style) at Uplandt, now Chester. He immediately set to work to arrange affairs. He had sent by his deputy, the previous year, a letter to the Indians, assuring them of his good will and purpose of treating them justly. With this object in view he met the principal Indian chiefs at Shackamaxon, now in Philadelphia, and there held a very friendly conference, and made a treaty of peace and good will with them, a treaty "not sworn to and never broken." He allowed no land to be occupied until the title had been acquired justly from the Indians, and he provided that all differences should be settled by tribunals in which both races should be represented. The result of this just policy was that the colonists gained the good will of the natives, and so long as the Friends were in control of the colony, peace and security reigned in the province.1

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44. Founding of Philadelphia; Penn returns to England; Delaware. (1683–1718.) — In 1683 Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia (Brotherly-love). The low price of lands, the free government, the fertility of the soil, and the absence of persecution attracted many settlers, so that in a very few years Pennsylvania became one of the most important colonies, growing more in five years than New York had grown in fifty. Members of the Society of Friends from Wales settled the territory north and west of the new city, while others from Germany, under the lead of Francis Daniel Pastorius, settled Germantown. Perhaps in no other colony was there a greater variety of nationalities and languages.

1 A belt of wampum said to have been given to Penn by the Indians at Shackamaxon is in the possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society of Philadelphia. The exact date and terms of this famous treaty are disputed.

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Penn returned to England in 1684, leaving everything in a prosperous condition. In 1692 he was deprived of his province on account of suspected sympathy with the exiled James II., but it was soon restored to him. He visited it again in 1699. There was much trouble in regard to the rents of land and various other matters, and Penn had already made arrangements to sell his province to the crown when he was stricken by paralysis and became incapable of transacting business. His sons inherited his province at his death in 1718. During the war of the Revolution the state purchased the interest of the proprietors for £130,000, and all quit-rents were abolished.

There was much jealousy of Pennsylvania among the colonists of the lower counties on the Delaware," or "Territories" (sect. 41), and, after many efforts to remove this, Penn gave the "counties" a lieutenant-governor of their own. During the brief royal rule they were reunited to Pennsylvania. Some years later, however, owing to fresh difficulties, Penn provided for separate legislatures, an arrangement which went into effect in 1703. From that time, though having the same governor, the colonies were separate. Delaware State was declared to be the official name when a constitution was adopted in 1776.

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CHAPTER III.

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS.

REFERENCES.

General. - G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 86-313; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. Chaps. xviii., xx.-xxv.; Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, vols. i., ii., iii.; T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 169-215; J. A. Doyle, History of the United States, Chaps. vii.-xiv., xvi.; also his larger work, The English Colonies in America; H. C. Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies in America; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, vols. iv., v.; Francis Parkman, France and England in North America, 9 vols.; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England; R. G. Thwaits, The Colonies (Epochs of American History), pp. 211-284; G. P. Fisher (American History series), The Colonial Era.

Special. For Indians, see Special References to Chap. i. For New England League: American History Leaflets; No. 7, Articles and Ordinances of the Confederation of New England, 1643-1684; R. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, pp. 1-71. For the Quakers: James Bowden, History of the Society of Friends in America; R. P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts, and The Pioneer Quakers; Brooks Adams, The Emancipation of Massachusetts. For the Witchcraft Delusion: G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ii. 58–67; Bryant and Gay, Popular History of the United States, ii. 450-471; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 145167; J. R. Lowell, Among My Books, 1st series. Economic and Social History: W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, 2 vols.; J. R. Lowell, Among My Books, 1st series, New England two Centuries Ago; Edward Eggleston, a series of articles on the American Colonies, fully illustrated, in the Century Magazine, vols. xxv.-xxx. For Education in. the Colonies: R. G. Boone, Education in the United States, pp. 9-60. For Slavery: R. Hildreth, History of the United States, ii. 417-430; G. Bancroft, ii. 268-280; Henry Wilson, The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 3 vols.; John Woolman, Journal (Whittier's edition), Chaps. i.-ix., and particularly the Introduction by J. G. Whittier; J. F. Rhodes,

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS.

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History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, i. 1–14; Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, vol. i.; G. F. Williams, History of the Negro Race in America.

45. The Condition of the Colonists. (1700.) - Cut off from the mother country by a wide expanse of ocean, communication with the colonies was slow and hazardous. From the accession of James I. to that of William and Mary, England had been the scene of religious and political revolutions; so absorbing were the various questions at home, that little time was spent in considering the interest of far-away colonies, or even for thinking about them. Those who were persecuted at home, or who were weary of the strife in church and in state, looked upon America as a place of exile or of safety from danger. In this way it came about that, except spasmodically, the colonies were left much to themselves. The result was self-development and the growth of self-dependence; the colonies made their own laws, subject, it is true, to the veto of the governor or of the crown, but this was not very often exercised. The colonists spoke of themselves as Englishmen, and were loyal to the king; they claimed the rights of Englishmen, however, and resented any infringement of their rights. At first the settlements were widely separated from each other, but as population increased they began to see that in many things they had a common interest, and while local jealousy was strong and continued long after the Revolution, a bond of union also existed. The first tendency to united action sprang from a common dread of the Indians.

46. Relations between the Colonists and the Indians. The Indian was a savage, and with all the instincts of savage life; he was suspicious and crafty, and he had by this time changed somewhat in his treatment of the colonists. He had learned the use of firearms and of various tools; he had learned to

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drink spirits, and he had also been taught by experience that the white man generally tried to cheat him out of his lands, or in other ways, and when an Indian suffered an injury at the hands of one settler he considered it perfectly legitimate to revenge himself on another. The example of the Dutch, of Baltimore, and of William Penn and others,1 shows that the fault lay with the whites; for where the natives were treated well and with common justice, there was little or no trouble, but new comer and native lived in harmony with each other. The number of Indians in the country north of the Gulf of Mexico at the time of the beginning of its settlement by the Europeans has been variously estimated. Careful students are inclined to believe that they numbered about 500,000,

AN INDIAN CHIEF.

(From a drawing in Hariot's Narrative, 1585.)

and east of the Mississippi River less than 250,000. They had suffered greatly from wars with each other, and still more from disease, so that much of the land was really uninhabited

1 "The Hudson Bay Company for exactly two centuries, from 1670 to 1870, held a charter for the monopoly of trade with the Indians here over an immense extent of territory. . . . During that whole period, allowing for rare casualties, not a single act of hostility occurred between the traders and the natives." Narrative and Critical History of America, i. 297.

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