List of Patents granted for Scotland from 22d March to 22d June 1850.

1. TO JAMES HIGGINS, of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, machine maker, and THOMAS SHOWFIELD WHITWORTH, of Salford aforesaid, “improvements in machinery for preparing, spinning, and doubling cotton, wool, flax, silk, and similar fibrous materials.”—22d March 1850.

2. TO FRANCAIS VOUILLON, of Princes Street, Hanover Square, in the county of Middlesex, manufacturer, "improvements in the manufacture of hats, caps, bonnets, and other articles made of the same or similar materials."-26th March 1850.

3. TO WILLIAM Edward NewTON, of the Office for Patents, 66 Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, civil engineer, "improvements in the manufacture of knobs of doors, articles of furniture, or other purposes, and in connecting metallic attachments to articles made of glass, or other analogous materials."-26th March 1850.

4. TO JONATHAN CHARLES GOODALL, of Great College Street, Camden Town, in the county of Middlesex, card-maker, "improvements in machinery for cutting paper."-27th March 1850.

5. TO CHARLES FELTON HAILSMAN, of Argyle Street, in the county of Middlesex, gentleman, "improvements in machinery for spinning or twisting cotton, wool, or other fibrous substances."--28th March 1850.

6. TO ROBERT MILLIGAN, of Harden, near Bingley, in the county of York, manufacturer, an improvements mode of treating certain floated warp, or welt, or both, for the purpose of producing ornamented fabrics." -28th March 1850.

7. TO ROBERT WHITE, and JAMES HENDERSON GRANT, both of Dalmarnock Road, Glasgow, North Britain, engineers, "certain improvements in machinery, or apparatus to be used in mines, which improvements, or parts thereof, are also applicable to other purposes of a similar nature."-11th April 1850.

8. TO WILLIAM M'LARDY, of Manchester, gentleman, "certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for preparing and spinning cotton and other fibrous substances."-15th April 1850.

9. TO JOHN SCOFFERN, of Essex Street, in the county of Middlesex, M. B.," improvements in the manufacture and refining of sugar, and in the treatment and use of matters obtained in such manufacture, and in the construction of valves, and in such and other manufacture."-17th April 1850.

10. TO JAMES BUCK WILSON, of St Helens, in the county of Lancaster, rope-maker, "certain improvements in wire ropes."-22d April 1850.

11. TO THOMAS SYMES PRIDEAUX, of Southampton, gentleman, provements in puddling, and other furnaces."-26th April 1850.

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12. TO CHARLES COWPER, of Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, "certain improvements in the treatment of coal, and in separating coal and other substances from foreign matters, and in the artificial fuel and coke, and in the distillation and treatment of tar and other products from coal, together with improvements in the machinery and apparatus employed for the said purposes," being a communication.-26th April 1850. ́

13. To VIDIE LUCIEN, late of Paris, in France, but now of South Street, Finsbury, French Advocate, "improvements in conveyances on land and water.”—26th April 1850.

14. TO ROBERT DALGLEISH, of Glasgow, in the county of Lanark, in Scotland, merchant and calico printer, "certain improvements in printing, and in the application of colours to silk, cotton, linen, woollen, and other textile fabrics."-27th April 1850.

15. TO ETHIAN CAMPBELL, of the city of New York, in the United States of America, philosophical, practical, and experimental engineer, "certain new and useful improvements for generating and applying motive power, and for propelling vessels."-30th April 1850.

16. TO ROBERT REID, of Glasgow, in the county of Lanark, manufacturer," certain improvements in weaving."-3d May 1850.

17. TO MAXWELL MILLER, of Glasgow, in the county of Lanark, coppersmith, "certain improvements in distilling and rectifying."-3d May 1850.

18. TO THOMAS KEELY, of the town and county of Nottingham, manufacturer, and WILLIAM WILLIAMSON, of the same place, frame-work knitter, "certain improvements in looped or elastic fabrics, and in articles made therefrom; also certain machinery for producing the said improvements, which is applicable in whole or in part to the manufacture of looped fabrics generally."-8th May 1850.

19. TO PETER ARMAND LE COMTE MOREAU FONTAINE, of 4 South Street, Finsbury Square, in the county of Middlesex, patent agent, " certain improvements for the production of heat and light, which improvements are applicable to ventilation, and the prevention of explosions," being a communication.-9th May 1850.

20. To ETHIAN BALDWIN, of the city of Philadelphia and State of

Pennsylvania, in the United States of America, a new and useful method of generating and applying steam in propelling vessels locomotive, and stationary machinery."-9th May 1850.

21. TO JACOB CANNON, of Hyde Park, in the county of Middlesex, gentleman," improvements in melting, moulding, and casting sand, earth, and other substances for paving, building, and various other useful purposes."-20th May 1850.

22. To GEORGE JACKSON, of Belfast, Ireland, flax-dresser," improvements in heckling machinery."-24th May 1850.

23. TO FREDERICK ROSENBERG, Esquire, of Albermarle Street, in the county of Middlesex, and CONARD MONTGOMERY, Esquire, of the Army and Navy Club, Saint James's Square, in the same county," improvements in sewing, cutting, boring, and shaping wood."-24th May 1850.

24. TO GEORGE Ford HAYWARD, of St Martins Le Grand, in the county of Middlesex," improvements in obtaining power," being a communication.-27th May 1850.

25. To JOSEPH BARRANS, of St Pauls, Deptford, in the county of Kent, engineer, "improvements in axles and axle-boxes of locomotive engines, and other railway carriages."-27th May 1850.

26. TO SAMUEL FISHER, of Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, engineer," improvements in railway carriage-wheels, axles, buffer, and draw-springs, and hinges for railway carriage and other doors."-28th May 1850.

27. TO THOMAS CHANDLER, of Stockton, Wilts, "improvements in machinery for applying liquid manure."-28th May 1850.

28. TO THOMAS DICKSON ROTCH, Esquire, of Drumlamford House, in the county of Ayr, North Britain, " improvements in separating various matters usually found combined in certain saccharine, saline, and ligneous substances."-28th May 1850.

29. TO HENRY COLUMBUS HURRY, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, civil engineer, " certain improvements in the method of lubricating machinery."- 29th May 1850.

30. TO SIMON PINCOFFS, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, merchant," certain improvements in the ageing process in printing and dyeing calicoes, and other woven fabrics, which improvements are also applicable to other processes in printing and dyeing calicoes and other woven fabrics."-30th May 1850.

31. TO WILLIAM MACALPINE, of Spring Vale, in the county of Middlesex, general dresser, and THOMAS MACALPINE, of the same place, manager, "improvements in machinery for washing cotton, linen, and other fabrics."-31st May 1850.

32. TO CHARLES ANDREW, of Compstall Bridge, in the county of Chester, manufacturer, and RICHARD MARKLAND, of the same place, manager, "certain improvements in the method of, and in the machinery or apparatus for, preparing warps for weaving."-31st May 1850.

33. TO JAMES PALMER BUDD, of the Ystalyfera iron works, Swansea, merchant," improvements in the manufacture of coke.”—31st May 1850.

34. TO JOHN DALTON, of Hollingsworth, in the county of Chester, calico printer, "certain improvements in and applicable to machinery or apparatus for bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textile and other fabrics, and in the engraving of copper rollers, and other metallic bodies." -5th June 1850.

35. TO FREDERICK ALBERT GATTY, of Accrington in the county of Lancaster, Manchester, manufacturing chemist, a certain process, of certain processes for obtaining carbonate of soda and carbonate of potash."-5th June 1850.

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36. TO JULES LE BASTIER, of Paris, in the Republic of France, but now of South Street, Finsbury, in the county of Middlesex, gentleman, certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for printing."-6th June 1850.

37. TO WILLIAM ROBERTTON, of Gateshead Mill, Neilston, in the county of Renfrew, in that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called Scotland, machine maker, "improvements in certain machinery used for spinning and doubling cotton and other fibrous substances."-7th June 1850.

38. TO FRANCIS TONGUE RUFFORD, of Prescott House, in the county of Worcester, fire-brick manufacturer, ISAAC MARSON, of Cradley, in the same county, potter, and JOHN FINCH, of Pickard Street, City Road, in the county of Middlesex, manufacturer, "improvements in the manufacture of baths and wash tubs, or wash vessels."-10th June 1850.

39. To Baron LOUIS LE PRESTI, of Paris, in the Republic of France, "improvements in hydraulic presses, which are, in whole or in part, applicable to pumps and other like machines."- 10th June 1850.

40. To ARTHUR ELLIOT, machine maker, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, and HENRY HEYS, of the same place, book-keeper, "certain machinery for manufacturing woven fabrics."-14th June 1850.

41. TO CHARLES COWPER, of Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, patent agent, "improvements in instruments for measuring, indicating, and regulating the pressure of air, steam, and other fluids, and in instruments for measuring, indicating, and regulating the temperature of the same, and in instruments for obtaining motive power from the same."-14th June 1850.

THE

EDINBURGH NEW

PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL.

The Natural Relations between Animals and the Elements in which they Live. By Professor LOUIS AGASSIZ.*

AMONG the early attempts to arrange animals in a systematic order, we find almost universally, that the natural elements in which their different tribes live, are introduced as the fundamental principle of their classification. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the great works published upon natural history by Gesner, Rondelet, Belon, Aldrovandi, and others, acknowledge this as the only basis of their arrangement of the animal kingdom. Even at a later period, when characters derived from animals themselves, rather than from the external circumstances in which they dwell, had been introduced into our systems, we still find a prevailing influence of such considerations upon the circumstances of the natural sub-divisions of animals. As soon, however, as the study of comparative anatomy had shed its brilliant light upon this question, those views were entirely abandoned, and the whole animal kingdom was finally arranged according to its internal structure. The introduction of this principle was hailed as a new era in the history of our science; and after Cuvier had applied it to a general revision of the whole animal kingdom, it was, and has been, universally acknowledged as the only safe foundation of a natural classification of animals.

* Silliman's American Journal of Science and Arts, May 1850. See also various papers by Professor Agassiz, read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1849.

VOL. XLIX. NO. XCVIII.-OCTOBER 1850.

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