arrangements adopted in a large cruiser. These arrangements would, of course, be supplemented when coaling from a ship in which derricks, transporters, etc.,

are fitted for dealing with the coal.

There are two steam coal winches, one on each side of the upper deck, each having a central barrel and two side warping barrels. The coal is got on board by a Temperley transporter (two in some ships), which can be suspended either from the derrick on the foremast or from the main derrick on the mainmast. This transporter is 55 ft. long, and is fixed in position by means of guys. It has to be used in a slanting

direction, so that the carrior will travel down by gravity when the coal-bags are empty. The transporter consists of an I beam, with a ahoave on the upper end plumbing the upper deck; the lower end can be arranged to plumb the hold of the lighter.

The beam is provided with stops about 5 ft. apart, any one of which may be used to fix the load when it is desired to raise or lower. The lower end of the beam is fitted with a stop. The carrier itself runs on four rollers on the lower flange of the beam, and is composed of two side plates containing a number of cams. The purchase passes over a sheave on the carrier, and at its lower end has a heavy ball attached. Take the instant when the load is being lifted as Fig. 113. The double cam at the top is caught in the stop and the carrier is fixed. A further lift of the load, however, lifts up the pawl lever and catches the ball in the suspender hook as Fig. 114, and the weight is taken by the carrier. This movement of the levers, however, releases the double cam at the top away from the stop, and the whole carrier is then free to be hauled up the beam by hauling on the purchase. In order to fix the carrier to lower the load, it is hauled just past the desired stop as Figs. 115 and 116. The rope is then slightly slackened, and the toggle catches and turns the cam into the stop as Fig. 117. In this movement of the cam the carrier gets locked, and the ball gets released from the suspender hook and the weight

is free to be lowered as Fig. 113. When the empty coal-bags are lifted, the ball gets locked again by the suspender hook, and the carrier is loosened from the stop and is free to descend to the bottom of the beam by gravity. It will be noticed that a continuous motion past the stops is possible either up or down. If when going down the carrier is stopped just below the stop, then

taken up just past it and the motion again reversed, the toggle shown so acts as to turn the cam into the stop.

The largest of these transporters can deal with 20 to 30 cwt. of coal at a time. There is only one rope to deal with, and the various operations are entirely under the control of the man working the coal winch.

Besides the above, portable derricks 20 ft. long are fitted at the gangway ports, with coaling platforms (9 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 0 in.)

K

hung on to the side, on to which the coal-bags can be dropped and run in on to the upper deck. There are also provided portable

derricks on the after shelter bulkhead, which can be used for coaling purposes.

2. Getting Coal into the Bunkers.-It is not possible in a

TOGGLE
SPRING

BEAM

DOUBLE

CAM.

FIG. 115.

FIG. 116.

war-ship to have such large roomy bunkers as in merchant ships,

because of the necessity of providing complete watertight subdivision, and this renders the operation of getting coal into the bunkers, and from the bunkers to the stokeholds, correspondingly more difficult. In large merchant ships it is usual to have large cross bunkers, but this is not usually desirable in war-ships, because of the extra length thus entailed, and because a large proportion of the coal can be more economically arranged for

CLEARANCE
Y16 TO 3/16"

FIG. 117.

FIG. 118.

above the armour deck. There is also the fact that the coal thus stowed affords a valuable element of protection to the ship, this being of special importance in the case of deck-protected cruisers (Figs. 21 and 22) (see also Chapter XVII., in which the influence of coal on stability is dealt with). The lower bunkers are restricted in volume by the shape of the ship, and it is found that a large proportion of the total coal capacity is obtained above the pro

tective deck. The wings in a battle-ship (Fig. 12) are arranged for coal stowage when necessary, but these spaces are very much broken up by the deep framing, etc., there, and this renders the operation of getting the coal in and out of these spaces very difficult.

The ship selected to illustrate this part of the subject is the cruiser whose system of watertight subdivision is given in

Figs. 52 and 53. There are in this ship two series of upper bunkers, separated by a fore-and-aft watertight bulkhead, and one series of lower bunkers. The upper bunkers extend over the length of engine- and boiler-rooms; those over the engine-room have no fore-and-aft bulkhead, and the coal there may be looked upon as a reserve. The lower bunkers only extend over the length of boiler-rooms.

To coal the upper bunkers (Fig. 120) 20-in. scuttles are provided, as shown, in the main deck, one to each outer bunker and two to each inner bunker. Directly above these, on the upper deck, 18-in. scuttles are fitted. These pairs of scuttles are connected by coaling shoots, usually portable, in halves as shown; in some cases fixed shoots are provided. There is thus direct access from the upper deck to each of these upper bunkers. Escape scuttles are placed to each bunker in the main deck, close to a bulkhead underneath, with chains and footholds on the bulkhead.

To coal the lower bunkers there is a 33-in. coaling scuttle, as Fig. 139, in the middle deck. Above this, to the main deck, a rectangular trunk is fitted. Above this, in the main deck, a 20-in. scuttle is fitted, with an 18-in. scuttle, immediately over, in the upper deck. These latter are connected by a portable shoot in the ordinary way. There is thus direct access for coal from the upper deck to the lower bunkers. Escape doors are provided in the side of the ammunition passage, with ladders and hand chains as necessary for getting out.

3. Getting Coal from the Bunkers to the Stokeholds.Doors are provided from each stokehold into the lower bunkers. It is necessary, therefore, to get the coal from the upper to the lower bunkers when the latter are getting empty. The rectangular trunks are provided with doors on each side as shown. The outer side, which is a watertight bulkhead, has a sliding watertight door. The other doors are not watertight. They are made in two pieces, so that the lower half hinges up and is secured to the latter, and then both are hinged up clear of the opening and made fast. With these doors all open, and the 33-in. scuttle open, coal can be trimmed from either of the upper bunkers to the lower bunkers. An additional scuttle is provided at the side of each upper outer bunker, and a shoot is taken down as shown, so that coal may be passed into the lower bunkers through the watertight door on the wing bulkhead.

A set of rails is fitted throughout the upper bunkers in order to